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ACreating–¦fa“conguration“leïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.3.1.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Ôéõ‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘ðøïcolor push  Black5Ž‘j’ï        color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end3.1.2Ž‘#
AF‘ÿeormat–¦fof“the“conguration“leïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.3.1.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’åòo‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘ðøïcolor push  Black5Ž‘j’ï     color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end3.1.3Ž‘#
AF‘ÿeormat–¦fof“the“conguration“leïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.3.1.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’åòo‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘ðøïcolor push  Black5Ž‘j’ï     color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end3.1.3Ž‘#
AConguration–¦fparameter“listïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.3.1.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Ýn2‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘ðøïcolor push  Black6Ž‘j’ï  color popŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end3.2Ž‘/bThe–¦fcatalogue“parameter“leïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.3.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’»]>‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black11Ž‘j’ï     color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end3.2.1Ž‘#
AConguration–¦fparameter“listïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.3.1.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Ýn2‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘ðøïcolor push  Black6Ž‘j’ï  color popŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end3.2Ž‘/bThe–¦fcatalogue“parameter“leïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.3.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’»]>‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black11Ž‘j’ï     color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end3.2.1Ž‘#
AF‘ÿeormatïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.3.2.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘w;V‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black11Ž‘j’ï      color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end3.2.2Ž‘#
AF‘ÿeormatïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.3.2.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘w;V‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black11Ž‘j’ï      color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end3.2.2Ž‘#
AV‘ÿearian²!tsïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.3.2.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘w;V‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black12Ž‘j’ï color popŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end3.3Ž‘/bExample–¦fof“congurationïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.3.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’ªTÄ‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black12Ž‘j’ï     color popަïps:SDict begin H.S endÛ4Ž‘lÏOvš¦terview–2of“the“soft˜w˜areïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïpps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (chapter.4) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’º¦Ô13ŽŽ¦ïps:SDict begin H.S end5Ž‘lÏHandling–2of“image“dataïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïpps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (chapter.5) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’º¦Ô15ŽŽ¦ïps:SDict begin H.S end6Ž‘lÏDetection–2and“segmen¦ttationïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïpps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (chapter.6) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’º¦Ô16ŽŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end¹6.1Ž‘/bBac²!kground‘¦festimationïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.6.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’™LJ‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black16Ž‘j’ï color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.1.1Ž‘#
AV‘ÿearian²!tsïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.3.2.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘w;V‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black12Ž‘j’ï color popŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end3.3Ž‘/bExample–¦fof“congurationïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.3.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’ªTÄ‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black12Ž‘j’ï     color popަïps:SDict begin H.S endÛ4Ž‘lÏOvš¦terview–2of“the“soft˜w˜areïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïpps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (chapter.4) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’º¦Ô13ŽŽ¦ïps:SDict begin H.S end5Ž‘lÏHandling–2of“image“dataïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïpps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (chapter.5) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’º¦Ô15ŽŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end¹5.1Ž‘/bImage‘¦fformatïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.5.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘n·‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black15Ž‘j’ï        color popŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end5.2Ž‘/bDouble–¦fimage“moMÞdeïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.5.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’È
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AConguration–¦fparameters“and“tuningïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.1.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’ÿ&‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black18Ž‘j’ï  color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.1.2Ž‘#
AConguration–¦fparameters“and“tuningïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.1.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’ÿ&‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black19Ž‘j’ï  color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.1.2Ž‘#
ACPU‘¦fcostïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.1.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘¿“‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black18Ž‘j’ï       color popŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end6.2Ž‘/bFilteringïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.6.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘U*b‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black18Ž‘j’ï   color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.2.1Ž‘#
ACPU‘¦fcostïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.1.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘¿“‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black19Ž‘j’ï       color popŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’âéiŽ’Ç>|ï       color popŽŽŒ‹-)ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.ii) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end¹6.2Ž‘/bFilteringïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.6.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘U*b‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black19Ž‘j’ï       color popޤJa‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.2.1Ž‘#
ACon•²!v“olutionïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.2.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’ˆCБ¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black18Ž‘j’ï    color popŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’âéiŽ’Ç>|ï       color popŽŽŒ‹-Wïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.ii) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end¹6.2.2Ž‘#
ACon•²!v“olutionïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.2.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’ˆCБ¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black19Ž‘j’ï    color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.2.2Ž‘#
ANon-linear‘¦flteringïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.2.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’ªTÄ‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black20Ž‘j’ï     color popޤJa‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.2.3Ž‘#
ANon-linear‘¦flteringïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.2.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’ªTÄ‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black21Ž‘j’ï     color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.2.3Ž‘#
AWhat–¦fis“ltered,“and“what“isn'tïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.2.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’åòo‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black20Ž‘j’ï       color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.2.4Ž‘#
AWhat–¦fis“ltered,“and“what“isn'tïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.2.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’åòo‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black21Ž‘j’ï       color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.2.4Ž‘#
AImage–¦fbMÞoundaries“and“bad“pixelsïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.2.4) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’îv¬‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black20Ž‘j’ï      color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.2.5Ž‘#
AImage–¦fbMÞoundaries“and“bad“pixelsïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.2.4) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’îv¬‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black21Ž‘j’ï      color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.2.5Ž‘#
AConguration‘¦fparametersïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.2.5) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Ìe¸‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black20Ž‘j’ï color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.2.6Ž‘#
AConguration‘¦fparametersïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.2.5) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Ìe¸‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black21Ž‘j’ï color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.2.6Ž‘#
ACPU‘¦fcostïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.2.6) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘¿“‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black21Ž‘j’ï       color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.2.7Ž‘#
ACPU‘¦fcostïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.2.6) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘¿“‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black22Ž‘j’ï       color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.2.7Ž‘#
AFilter–¦fle“formatsïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.2.7) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’¡Ð‡‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black21Ž‘j’ï    color popŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end6.3Ž‘/bThresholdingïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.6.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘n·‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black22Ž‘j’ï      color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.3.1Ž‘#
AFilter–¦fle“formatsïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.2.7) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’¡Ð‡‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black22Ž‘j’ï    color popŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end6.3Ž‘/bThresholdingïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.6.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘n·‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black23Ž‘j’ï      color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end6.3.1Ž‘#
AConguration‘¦fparameters.ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.3.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Ìe¸‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black22Ž‘j’ï        color popŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end6.4Ž‘/bDeblendingïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.6.4) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘f2Ü‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black22Ž‘j’ï      color popŽ©=–ïps:SDict begin H.S endÛ7Ž‘lÏW‘þó\eigh¦ttingïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïpps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (chapter.7) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’º¦Ô26ŽŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end¹7.1Ž‘/bW‘ÿeeigh²!t–¦fmap“formatsïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.7.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’È
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agsïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïsps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.10.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘n·‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black31Ž‘j’ï color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end10.1.1Ž‘#
AConguration‘¦fparameters.ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.3.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Ìe¸‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black23Ž‘j’ï        color popŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end6.4Ž‘/bDeblendingïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.6.4) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘f2Ü‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black23Ž‘j’ï      color popŽ©=–ïps:SDict begin H.S endÛ7Ž‘lÏW‘þó\eigh¦ttingïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïpps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (chapter.7) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’º¦Ô27ŽŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end¹7.1Ž‘/bW‘ÿeeigh²!t–¦fmap“formatsïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.7.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’È
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agsïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïsps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.10.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘n·‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black33Ž‘j’ï        color popަïps:SDict begin H.S endÛ11Ž‘lÏMeasuremen¦ttsïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïqps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (chapter.11) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’º¦Ô34ŽŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end¹11.1Ž‘/bPš²!ositional–¦fparameters“deriv˜ed“from“the“isophotal“proleïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïsps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.11.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’;Ñ‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black34Ž‘j’ï  color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.1Ž‘#
ALimits:‘ÝÝâXMIN¹,–¦fâYMIN¹,“âXMAX¹,“âYMAXïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’åòo‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black33Ž‘j’ï    color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.2Ž‘#
ALimits:‘ÝÝâXMIN¹,–¦fâYMIN¹,“âXMAX¹,“âYMAXïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’åòo‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black34Ž‘j’ï    color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.2Ž‘#
ABarycen²!ter:‘ÝÝâX¹,‘¦fâYïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’¡Ð‡‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black34Ž‘j’ï   color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.3Ž‘#
ABarycen²!ter:‘ÝÝâX¹,‘¦fâYïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’¡Ð‡‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black35Ž‘j’ï   color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.3Ž‘#
AP²!osition–¦fof“the“pMÞeak:‘ÝÝâXPEAK¹,“âYPEAKïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’öú鑼ɹ.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black34Ž‘j’ï  color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.4Ž‘#
AP²!osition–¦fof“the“pMÞeak:‘ÝÝâXPEAK¹,“âYPEAKïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’öú鑼ɹ.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black35Ž‘j’ï  color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.4Ž‘#
A2nd–¦forder“momen²!ts:‘ÝÝâX2¹,“âY2¹,“âXYïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.4) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’åòo‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black34Ž‘j’ï    color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.5Ž‘#
A2nd–¦forder“momen²!ts:‘ÝÝâX2¹,“âY2¹,“âXYïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.4) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’åòo‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black35Ž‘j’ï    color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.5Ž‘#
ABasic–¦fshapMÞe“parameters:‘ÝÝâA¹,“âB¹,“âTHETAïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.5) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’ÿ&‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black35Ž‘j’ï    color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.6Ž‘#
ABasic–¦fshapMÞe“parameters:‘ÝÝâA¹,“âB¹,“âTHETAïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.5) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’ÿ&‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black36Ž‘j’ï    color popŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’à”“iiŽ’Ç>|ï      color popŽŽŒ‹]jïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïLps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.iii) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end¹11.1.6Ž‘#
AEllipse–¦fparameters:‘ÝÝâCXX¹,“âCYY¹,“âCXYïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.6) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’îv¬‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black36Ž‘j’ï     color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.7Ž‘#
AEllipse–¦fparameters:‘ÝÝâCXX¹,“âCYY¹,“âCXYïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.6) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’îv¬‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black37Ž‘j’ï     color popޤJa‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.7Ž‘#
ABy-prošMÞducts–¦fof“shap˜e“parameters:‘ÝÝâELONGATION“¹and“âELLIPTICITYïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.7) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’‡Âö‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black36Ž‘j’ï     color popŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’à”“iiŽ’Ç>|ï      color popŽŽŒ‹]·ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïLps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.iii) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end¹11.1.8Ž‘#
ABy-prošMÞducts–¦fof“shap˜e“parameters:‘ÝÝâELONGATION“¹and“âELLIPTICITYïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.7) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’‡Âö‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black37Ž‘j’ï     color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.8Ž‘#
AP²!osition–¦ferrors:‘ÝÝâERRX2¹,“âERRY2¹,“âERRXY¹,“âERRA¹,“âERRB¹,“âERRTHETA¹,“âERRCXX¹,“âERRCYY¹,“âERRCXYïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.8) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’ïѾïcolor push  Black¹37Ž’úÄòï        color popޤJa‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.9Ž‘#
AP²!osition–¦ferrors:‘ÝÝâERRX2¹,“âERRY2¹,“âERRXY¹,“âERRA¹,“âERRB¹,“âERRTHETA¹,“âERRCXX¹,“âERRCYY¹,“âERRCXYïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.8) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’ïѾïcolor push  Black¹38Ž’úÄòï        color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.1.9Ž‘#
AHandling–¦fof“\innitely“thin"“detectionsïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.9) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’‡ ‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black38Ž‘j’ï        color popŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end11.2Ž‘/bWindo•²!w“ed–¦fpMÞositional“parametersïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïsps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.11.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Ìe¸‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black38Ž‘j’ï     color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.2.1Ž‘#
AHandling–¦fof“\innitely“thin"“detectionsïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.1.9) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’‡ ‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black39Ž‘j’ï        color popŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end11.2Ž‘/bWindo•²!w“ed–¦fpMÞositional“parametersïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïsps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.11.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Ìe¸‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black39Ž‘j’ï     color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.2.1Ž‘#
AWindo•²!w“ed›¦fcen“troid:‘ÝÝâXWIN¹,˜âYWINïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.2.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’åòo‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black39Ž‘j’ï    color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.2.2Ž‘#
AWindo•²!w“ed›¦fcen“troid:‘ÝÝâXWIN¹,˜âYWINïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.2.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’åòo‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black40Ž‘j’ï    color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.2.2Ž‘#
AWindo•²!w“ed–¦f2nd“order“momen²!ts:‘ÝÝâX2¹,“âY2¹,“âXYïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.2.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Ý‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black39Ž‘j’ï   color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.2.3Ž‘#
AWindo•²!w“ed–¦f2nd“order“momen²!ts:‘ÝÝâX2¹,“âY2¹,“âXYïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.2.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Ý‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black40Ž‘j’ï   color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.2.3Ž‘#
AWindo•²!w“ed–¦fellipse“parameters:‘ÝÝâCXXWIN¹,“âCYYWIN¹,“âCXYWINïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.2.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’]-Å‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black40Ž‘j’ï color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.2.4Ž‘#
AWindo•²!w“ed–¦fellipse“parameters:‘ÝÝâCXXWIN¹,“âCYYWIN¹,“âCXYWINïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.2.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’]-Å‘¼É¹.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black41Ž‘j’ï color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.2.4Ž‘#
AWindo•²!w“ed–¦fpMÞosition“errors:‘ÝÝâERRX2WIN¹,“âERRY2WIN¹,“âERRXYWIN¹,“âERRAWIN¹,“âERRBWIN¹,“âERRTHETAWIN¹,“âERRCXXWIN¹,“âERRCYYWIN¹,“âERRCXYWINïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.2.4) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Àkïcolor push  Black¹40Ž’ËŸï        color popŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end11.3Ž‘/bAstrometry–¦fand“âWORLD“¹coMÞordinatesïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïsps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.11.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Ôéõ‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black41Ž‘j’ï       color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.3.1Ž‘#
AWindo•²!w“ed–¦fpMÞosition“errors:‘ÝÝâERRX2WIN¹,“âERRY2WIN¹,“âERRXYWIN¹,“âERRAWIN¹,“âERRBWIN¹,“âERRTHETAWIN¹,“âERRCXXWIN¹,“âERRCYYWIN¹,“âERRCXYWINïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.2.4) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Àkïcolor push  Black¹41Ž’ËŸï        color popŽ¡‘lÏïps:SDict begin H.S end11.3Ž‘/bAstrometry–¦fand“âWORLD“¹coMÞordinatesïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïsps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.11.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’Ôéõ‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black42Ž‘j’ï       color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.3.1Ž‘#
ACelestial‘¦fcoMÞordinatesïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.3.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’²Ù‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black41Ž‘j’ï color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.3.2Ž‘#
ACelestial‘¦fcoMÞordinatesïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïxps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.11.3.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ’²Ù‘¼É.ŽŽ–„=‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ“‘¼É.ŽŽ‘w^ïcolor push  Black42Ž‘j’ï color popŽ¡‘)œ1ïps:SDict begin H.S end11.3.2Ž‘#
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™šGNU‘«DGeneral–«EPublic“License›«Fas“published“b²!y“the˜F›ÿeree“Soft•²!w“are‘«EF˜oundation,‘¬}either‘«Fv“ersion–«E3“ofŽ¡the–bíLicense,‘pkor“(at‘bìyš²!our“option)“an˜y‘bìlater“v˜ersion.‘Ç_ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹is›bìdistributed“in“the˜hopMÞe“thatŽ¡it–¶{will›¶|bMÞe“useful,‘úbut“WITHOUT‘¶6ANY‘¶5W‘þȈARRANTY;˜without“ev²!en˜the“implied˜w•²!arran“t“y‘¶{ofŽ¡MERš²!CHANT‘ÿeABILITY–HÛor‘HóFITNESS“F˜OR‘HÜA“P–ÿeAR“TICULAR›HÛPURPOSE.–HóSee“the“GNU˜GeneralŽ¡Public–)ÓLicense›)Ôfor“more“details.‘h%Y‘ÿeou“should˜ha•²!v“e›)Óreceiv“ed˜a˜cop“y‘)Ôof˜the˜GNU‘)²General˜PublicŽ¡License–¦falong“with“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹.‘ÝÝIf“not,“see“âhttp://www.gnu.org/licenses/¹.ŽŸ(1ãDos3cumenŒÌtationަïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section*.4) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸJa¹This–ØòdoMÞcumen²!tation›Øñis“licensed“under“the˜Creativš²!e“Commons“A˜ttribution-Non‘ØñCommercial“3.0Ž¡UnpšMÞorted–šLicense“Ÿ¶îï|ï        color popŽŽŒ‹Å ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïJps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï   color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýU"Eïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïMps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (chapter.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ[°Çó9ÂÖN ½qcmbx12äChapter‘Ç
1ŽŸ7°ÇÚWhat–   T{is“ó:Œ-øáH
1ŽŸ7°ÇÚWhat–   T{is“ó:Œ-øáH
cmcsc10åSExtra‘ÿructorÚ?ŽŸ;JaÜSExtraÁ´ctor›f†¹(ó;ý':
cmcsc10åSExtra‘ÿructorÚ?ŽŸ;JaÜSExtraÁ´ctor›f†¹(ó;ý':
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™štronomical–²image.‘ÂIt“is‘²particularly“orienš²!ted“to˜w˜ards›²the“reduction“of“large˜scale“galaxy-surv²!eyŽ¡data,–¦fbut“it“also“pšMÞerforms“w²!ell“on“mo˜derately“cro²!wded“star“elds.‘ÝÝIts“main“features“are:Ž©Jaïcolor push  Black‘lÐó3!",š
cmti10æSour–ÿp¹c“e-Extr“actor¹)–f…is˜a˜program“that˜builds˜a˜catalogue“of˜ob‘›»jects˜from“an˜as-ޤ
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™š‘`2G–nìÞ“¹2G–¦fpixels“on“64“bit“mac²!hines),“thanks“to“buered“image“access.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï  color popŽŽ‘`¹Real-time–¦fltering“of“images“to“impro•²!v“e‘¦fdetectabilit“y‘ÿe.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï      color popŽŽ‘`¹Robust–¦fdeblending“of“o•²!v“erlapping–¦fextended“ob‘›»jects.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï   color popŽŽ‘`¹Flexible–¦fcatalogue“output“of“desired“parameters“only‘ÿe.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï       color popŽŽ‘`¹Pixel-to-pixel–¦fphotometry“in“dual-image“moMÞde.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï        color popŽŽ‘`¹F›ÿeast‘¦fP•²!oin“t-Spread-F˜unction–¦fand“galaxy“moMÞdel“tting.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï      color popŽŽ‘`¹Handling›¦fof‘LÌw•²!eigh“t˜maps˜and˜
ag˜maps.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï    color popŽŽ‘`¹Optim²!um–¦fhandling“of“images“with“v‘ÿdDariable“S/N.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï    color popŽŽ‘`¹Built-in–¦fcatalogue“cross-iden²!tication.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï      color popŽŽ‘`¹Sp•MÞecial›¦fmo“de˜for˜photographic˜scans.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï        color popŽŽ‘`¹XML›¦fV•²!OT‘ÿeable-complian“t˜catalogue˜output.ަAdditional–Binformation“abMÞout“what›Athe“soft•²!w“are–Bcan“or“can't“do“is˜proš²!vided“in“the“F‘ÿerequen˜tlyŽŸ
™šAsk²!ed–¦fQuestions“section“(Þxïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black¹Bï color popŽ‘Á›Ÿø„|ïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘Á›ïqps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (appendix.B) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end).ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’àâq2Ž’Ç>|ï   color popŽŽŒ‹Î>ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïJps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï   color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýU"Eïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïMps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (chapter.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ[°ÇäChapter‘Ç
cmsy10ÞŽ‘æjï      color popŽŽ‘`¹SuppMÞort–¦ffor“m²!ulti-extension“FITS.ޤ™šïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï      color popŽŽ‘`¹SpšMÞeed:‘ÝÝt²!ypically–¦f1{10“Mpixel/s“or“10{1000“sources/s“with“a“2“GHz“pro˜cessor.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï   color popŽŽ‘`¹Abilit•²!y›µJto‘µIw“ork˜with˜v“ery–µIlarge˜images˜(up˜to“65k–#ƒÞ“¹65k˜pixels˜on‘µI32˜bit˜mac²!hines,‘ùorŽŸ
™š‘`2G–nìÞ“¹2G–¦fpixels“on“64“bit“mac²!hines),“thanks“to“buered“image“access.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï  color popŽŽ‘`¹Real-time–¦fltering“of“images“to“impro•²!v“e‘¦fdetectabilit“y‘ÿe.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï      color popŽŽ‘`¹Robust–¦fdeblending“of“o•²!v“erlapping–¦fextended“ob‘›»jects.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï   color popŽŽ‘`¹Flexible–¦fcatalogue“output“of“desired“parameters“only‘ÿe.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï       color popŽŽ‘`¹Pixel-to-pixel–¦fphotometry“in“dual-image“moMÞde.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï        color popŽŽ‘`¹F›ÿeast‘¦fP•²!oin“t-Spread-F˜unction–¦fand“galaxy“moMÞdel“tting.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï      color popŽŽ‘`¹Handling›¦fof‘LÌw•²!eigh“t˜maps˜and˜
ag˜maps.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï    color popŽŽ‘`¹Optim²!um–¦fhandling“of“images“with“v‘ÿdDariable“S/N.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï    color popŽŽ‘`¹Built-in–¦fcatalogue“cross-iden²!tication.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï      color popŽŽ‘`¹Sp•MÞecial›¦fmo“de˜for˜photographic˜scans.Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï        color popŽŽ‘`¹XML›¦fV•²!OT‘ÿeable-complian“t˜catalogue˜output.ަAdditional–{†information“abMÞout“what“the“soft•²!w“are–{†can“or‘{‡cannot“do“is“proš²!vided“in“the“F‘ÿerequen˜tlyŽŸ
™šAsk²!ed–¦fQuestions“section“(Þxïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black¹Aï        color popŽ‘6gŸø„|ïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘6gïqps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (appendix.A) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end).ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’àâq2Ž’Ç>|ï   color popŽŽŒ‹ÏZïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïJps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï   color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýU"Eïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïMps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (chapter.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ[°ÇäChapter‘Ç
2ŽŸ7°ÇÚInstalling–     T{the“soft–ÿ8õw“areŽŸ,Öwïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.2.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸÚPã2.1Ž‘$æcObtaining‘ffó<Œ-øff
2ŽŸ7°ÇÚInstalling–     T{the“soft–ÿ8õw“areŽŸ,Öwïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.2.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸÚPã2.1Ž‘$æcObtaining‘ffó<Œ-øff
cmcsc10çSExtra®ctorŽ©"R¹The–\Þeasiest“w•²!a“y–\Þto“obtain›\ÝÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹is“to“do²!wnload“it“from“the“ocial˜w•²!ebsiteïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾ó#|{Ycmr8Î1ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘À¹.‘EA“t‘\Þthisޤ
™šaddress,›1öthe–Úlatest“v²!ersions‘Ùof“the“program“(source“coMÞde,‘1õconguration“les,˜and“doMÞcumen²!tation)Ž¡are–ÉÓa²!v‘ÿdDailable›ÉÔas“standard“â.tar.gz˜¹Unix“source“arc•²!hiv“es˜as›ÉÓw“ell˜as–ÉÔRPM‘Ɉbinary“pac²!k‘ÿdDages˜forŽ¡v‘ÿdDarious‘¦farc²!hitectures.ïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î2ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽŽŸ€Aïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.2.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ°Çã2.2Ž‘$æcSoft•ŒÌw“are–ffand“hardwšŒÌare“requiremen˜tsަÜSExtraÁ´ctor–eÀ¹has“bšMÞeen“dev²!elop˜ed“on“Unix‘e¿macš²!hines“(GNU/Lin˜ux),‘r®and“should“compile“on“an˜yŽ¡POSIX-complianš²!t–(>system“(this“should“include“Mac“OS–(X“and–(>Cygwin“under“Windo˜ws,‘H´at“theŽ¡price–šÍof›šÌsome“diculties“with˜the“conguration),‘pro²!vided“that“the˜folloš²!wing“libraries/pac˜k‘ÿdDagesŽ¡ha•²!v“e–¦fbMÞeen“installed:ޤJaïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï       color popŽŽ‘`ÜA‘ÿ
cmcsc10çSExtra®ctorŽ©"R¹The–\Þeasiest“w•²!a“y–\Þto“obtain›\ÝÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹is“to“do²!wnload“it“from“the“ocial˜w•²!ebsiteïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾ó#|{Ycmr8Î1ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.1) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘À¹.‘EA“t‘\Þthisޤ
™šaddress,›1öthe–Úlatest“v²!ersions‘Ùof“the“program“(source“coMÞde,‘1õconguration“les,˜and“doMÞcumen²!tation)Ž¡are–ÉÓa²!v‘ÿdDailable›ÉÔas“standard“â.tar.gz˜¹Unix“source“arc•²!hiv“es˜as›ÉÓw“ell˜as–ÉÔRPM‘Ɉbinary“pac²!k‘ÿdDages˜forŽ¡v‘ÿdDarious‘¦farc²!hitectures.ïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î2ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.2) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽŽŸ€Aïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.2.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ°Çã2.2Ž‘$æcSoft•ŒÌw“are–ffand“hardwšŒÌare“requiremen˜tsަÜSExtraÁ´ctor–eÀ¹has“bšMÞeen“dev²!elop˜ed“on“Unix‘e¿macš²!hines“(GNU/Lin˜ux),‘r®and“should“compile“on“an˜yŽ¡POSIX-complianš²!t–(>system“(this“should“include“Mac“OS–(X“and–(>Cygwin“under“Windo˜ws,‘H´at“theŽ¡price–šÍof›šÌsome“diculties“with˜the“conguration),‘pro²!vided“that“the˜folloš²!wing“libraries/pac˜k‘ÿdDagesŽ¡ha•²!v“e–¦fbMÞeen“installed:ޤJaïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï       color popŽŽ‘`ÜA‘ÿ
¸TLAS–¦f¹V3.6“and“abMÞo•²!v“eïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î3ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘fj¹(Ÿnïïps:SDict begin H.S endŽïcolor push  Blackâhttp://math-atlas.sourceforge.net/ï    color popŽ’Ãt”ŸøeVïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ’Ãt”ï ps:SDict begin [ /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 1] /Action << /Subtype /URI /URI (http://math-atlas.sourceforge.net/) >> /Subtype /Link H.B /ANN pdfmark end¹)ŽŸ™šïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï      color popŽŽ‘`ÜFFTW–¦f¹V3.0“and“abMÞo•²!v“eïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î4ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.4) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘fj¹(Ÿnïïps:SDict begin H.S endŽïcolor push  Blackâhttp://www.fftw.org/ï   color popŽ‘rùHŸøeVïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘rùHï’ps:SDict begin [ /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 1] /Action << /Subtype /URI /URI (http://www.fftw.org/) >> /Subtype /Link H.B /ANN pdfmark end¹)Ž¡Note–µ¶that›µ·A‘ÿeTLAS‘µ²and“FFTw˜are“not˜necessary“for“the˜binary“v²!ersions“of˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹whic²!hޤ
™šcome–¦fwith“these“libraries“statically“link²!ed.Ž©JaThe›(ásoft•²!w“are–(àis˜run“in˜(ANSI)‘(Átext-moMÞde“from˜a˜shell.‘´A‘(Ágraphical“en•²!vironmen“t˜is‘(ànot˜necessaryŽ¡to–¦fopMÞerate“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹.ަMemory–•Prequiremen²!ts›•OdepMÞend“on“the˜size“of˜the“images“to˜bšMÞe“pro˜cessed.‘ªšPro˜cessing‘•Oa“singleŽ¡image–\{should“t²!ypically›\|require“abMÞout“100MB‘\hof˜memory–ÿe.‘Å9F“or–\{large“images˜(h²!undreds“of“MpixelsŽ¡or–ÂÊmore),‘   âor›ÂÉin“double-image“/“w•²!eigh“ted˜mošMÞde,‘        âÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹'s–ÂÊmemory“fo˜otprin²!t‘ÂÉshould“b˜eŽ¡around–ѵ500MB,›Ñ´and“up“to˜2GB‘Ñhin“the“w•²!orst˜cases.‘_ÊSw“ap-space˜can–ѵbMÞe“put˜to“con²!tribution,Ž¡although–¦fa“strong“pšMÞerformance“hit“is“to“b˜e“exp˜ected.ŽŸ!ïcolor push  BlackŸýff‰ff¶HŸ
¸TLAS–¦f¹V3.6“and“abMÞo•²!v“eïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î3ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.3) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘fj¹(Ÿnïïps:SDict begin H.S endŽïcolor push  Blackâhttp://math-atlas.sourceforge.net/ï    color popŽ’Ãt”ŸøeVïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ’Ãt”ï ps:SDict begin [ /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 1] /Action << /Subtype /URI /URI (http://math-atlas.sourceforge.net/) >> /Subtype /Link H.B /ANN pdfmark end¹)ŽŸ™šïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï      color popŽŽ‘`ÜFFTW–¦f¹V3.0“and“abMÞo•²!v“eïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î4ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.4) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘fj¹(Ÿnïïps:SDict begin H.S endŽïcolor push  Blackâhttp://www.fftw.org/ï   color popŽ‘rùHŸøeVïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘rùHï’ps:SDict begin [ /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 1] /Action << /Subtype /URI /URI (http://www.fftw.org/) >> /Subtype /Link H.B /ANN pdfmark end¹)Ž¡Note–µ¶that›µ·A‘ÿeTLAS‘µ²and“FFTw˜are“not˜necessary“for“the˜binary“v²!ersions“of˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹whic²!hޤ
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LÍ‘{ºŸü-=ó$¹Aa¨cmr6Ï1ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï        color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸïps:SDict begin H.S endŽïcolor push  BlackóFߤN         cmtt9ëFhttp://astromatic.net/software/sextractorï   color popŽ’Á¹ŸùÀïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ’Á¹ï§ps:SDict begin [ /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 1] /Action << /Subtype /URI /URI (http://astromatic.net/software/sextractor) >> /Subtype /Link H.B /ANN pdfmark endޤ‘{ºŸü-=Ï2ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endó=o´‹Ç           cmr9èMac–TOS“X“dmg“les“should“bšAÇe“a¾9v‘ÿ|railable“so˜on.Ž¡‘{ºŸü-=Ï3ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï  color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endèUse–¶Ðthe“ëF--with-atlas“èand/or“ëF--with-atlas-incdir“èoptions“to“spAÇecify“the“A‘ÿ:«TLAS‘¶¸library“and“include“pathsŽŸif–Tthe“soft•¾9w“are–Tis“installed“at“un¾9usual“loAÇcations.Ž¡‘{ºŸü-=Ï4ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï       color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.4) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endèMak¾9e–¸‡sure›¸†that“óGŒ-ø
LÍ‘{ºŸü-=ó$¹Aa¨cmr6Ï1ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï        color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸïps:SDict begin H.S endŽïcolor push  BlackóFߤN         cmtt9ëFhttp://astromatic.net/software/sextractorï   color popŽ’Á¹ŸùÀïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ’Á¹ï§ps:SDict begin [ /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 1] /Action << /Subtype /URI /URI (http://astromatic.net/software/sextractor) >> /Subtype /Link H.B /ANN pdfmark endޤ‘{ºŸü-=Ï2ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endó=o´‹Ç           cmr9èMac–TOS“X“dmg“les“should“bšAÇe“a¾9v‘ÿ|railable“so˜on.Ž¡‘{ºŸü-=Ï3ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï  color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endèUse–¶Ðthe“ëF--with-atlas“èand/or“ëF--with-atlas-incdir“èoptions“to“spAÇecify“the“A‘ÿ:«TLAS‘¶¸library“and“include“pathsŽŸif–Tthe“soft•¾9w“are–Tis“installed“at“un¾9usual“loAÇcations.Ž¡‘{ºŸü-=Ï4ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï       color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.4) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endèMak¾9e–¸‡sure›¸†that“óGŒ-ø
cmcsc10ëGFFTW‘¸oèhas“bAÇeen“compiled˜with“the“ëFconfigure˜èoptions“ëF--enable-threads‘¹–--enable-floatè).ŽŸLÏï  color popŽŸïcolor push  Black’àâq¹3Ž’Ç>|ï       color popŽŽŒ‹Ú“ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïJps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.4) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï   color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýU"Eïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.2.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸã2.3Ž‘$æcInstallationŽŸ
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§Þ“¹2)ŽŽ¡‘ MW‘ÿeeigh•²!ting›¦fsc“heme˜(for˜single˜image,˜or˜detection˜and˜measuremen“t˜images):ŽŽŽŽ¡¡‘zâ:âNONE‘Wjù¹no‘¦fw•²!eigh“ting,ŽŽŽŽ¡‘zâ:âBACKGROUND‘4ìý¹v‘ÿdDariance–¦fmap“deriv²!ed“from“the“image“itself,ŽŽŽŽ¡‘zâ:âMAP‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™RMS‘GÈ¹v‘ÿdDariance–8map›9deriv²!ed“from˜an“external“RMS‘map,ŽŽŽŽ¡‘zâ:âMAP‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™VAR‘GÈ¹external–¦fv‘ÿdDariance“map,ŽŽŽŽ¡‘zâ:âMAP‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™WEIGHT‘6‰¹v‘ÿdDariance–VUmap›VVderiv²!ed“from“an˜external“w•²!eigh“tŽ¡‘6‰map,ŽŽŽŽ¦âWRITE‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™XML‘HÁQNŽ’¥Íæb–ÿp¹o“ole“anŽŽ¡‘ M¹If–¦ftrue,“meta-data“will“bMÞe“written“in“XML-V²!OT‘ÿeable“format.ŽŽŽŽ¡¡‘¿ªâXML‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™NAME‘HÁQsex.xmlŽ’«õåæstringŽŽ¡‘ M¹File–¦fname“for“the“XML“output“of“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹.ŽŽŽŽ¡¡Ÿ”¾ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.3.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸœJã3.2Ž‘$æcThe–ffcatalogue“parameter“leŽŸ"R¹In–o²addition“to“the“conguration“le“detailed“abMÞo•²!v“e,‘¢ÜSExtraÁ´ctor–o²¹needs“a“le“con²!taining“theŽ¡list–R of“parameters›R¡that“will“bMÞe“listed“in“the˜output“catalogue“for“ev²!ery“detection.‘ âŒThis“al-Ž¡loš²!ws–¾1the“soft˜w˜are›¾0to“compute“only“catalogue“parameters“that˜are“needed.‘%>The˜name“of“thisŽ¡catalogue-parameter–ile›jis“traditionally“suxed“with˜â.param¹,‘-jand“m²!ust“bšMÞe“sp˜ecied‘jusing“theŽ¡âPARAMETERS‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™NAME‘ša¹cong–š¤parameter.‘„The›š¥full“set˜of“parameters˜can˜bMÞe“queried˜with“the˜commandŽŸJaâ%–¿ªsex“-dpŽŸÁtïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïTps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.3.2.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸAØëH3.2.1Ž‘)@F‘þàormatŽŸ\ƹThe–format›of“the˜catalogue“parameter“list˜is“ASCIMÞI,˜and“there“m²!ust˜bMÞe“æonly–Cäone‘Cãkeywor›ÿp¹d“p˜erŽ¡line¹.‘•Presen•²!tly›º£t“w“o‘º¤kinds˜of˜k“eyw“ords‘º¤are˜recognized˜b“y–º¤ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹:‘Wscalars“and˜v²!ectors.Ž¡Scalars,‘=likš²!e–ñxâX‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™IMAGE¹,“yield‘ñysingle“n˜um˜bMÞers“in‘ñythe“output“catalogue.‘¿V‘ÿeectors,‘=lik˜e“âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™APER(4)Ž¡¹or–PlâVIGNET(15,15)¹,‘ažyield‘Pkarraš²!ys“of“n˜um˜bMÞers.‘Á4The“order“in‘Pkwhic˜h“the“parameters“will‘PkbMÞe“listed“inŽ¡the–õ¢catalogue“are›õ¡the“same“as“that“of˜the“k•²!eyw“ords–õ¢in“the“parameter˜list.‘¢ñCommenš²!ts“are“allo˜w˜ed,Ž¡they–¦fm²!ust“bMÞegin“with“a“\#".ŽŸ!ïcolor push  BlackŸýff‰ff¶HŸ
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5ŽŸ7°ÇÚHandling–       T{of“image“dataŽŸ,Öwïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.5.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸÚPã5.1Ž‘$æcImage‘ffformatŽŸ"RÜSExtraÁ´ctor–nï¹accepts“images“stored“in“FITSïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î1ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.6) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘.¤¹format“(W‘ÿeells“et“al.“1981,‘­:see“also“âhttp://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov¹).ޤ
™šBoth–Ò0\Basic›Ò1FITS"‘Ñú(one“single˜header“and“one˜single“b•MÞo“dy)‘Ò0and˜\Multi-Extension-FITS"‘Ñú(MEF)Ž¡images–Ïsare“recognized.‘YBinary“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹catalogues“proMÞduced“from“MEF‘Ïiimages“are“MEFŽ¡les–Ýwthemselv²!es.‘ƒIf›Ýxcatalogue“output“is“in˜ASCIMÞI‘Ýiformat,‘ë;all˜catalogues“from“the˜individual“ex-Ž¡tensions–°†are›°‡concatenated“in˜one“big˜le;‘µ–the˜âEXT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™NUMBER‘°„¹catalogue“parameter˜m²!ust“bMÞe˜used“toŽ¡tell–¦fwhic²!h“extension“the“source“bMÞelongs“to.Ž©JaF‘ÿeor–ôsimages“with“âNAXISŽ‘$?Ý>‘Œ¼¹2,‘÷only“the“rst“data-plane“is“loaded.‘ÈIf“W²!CSïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î2ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.7) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘´c¹information“(GreisenŽ¡&›¾,Calabretta–¾-1995,‘Äâhttp://www.cv.nrao.edu/fits/documents/wcs/wcs.all.ps¹)“is˜a²!v‘ÿdDailableŽ¡in–Œ×the“header,‘Ærit“is“automatically“used“b²!y“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor‘ŒÖ¹to“compute“astrometric“parameters.Ž¡Other–µ—astrometric‘µ–descriptions“likš²!e“AST‘µQ(æStarlink“¹format)‘     k-or“the“solution“coMÞecien˜ts‘µ–of“theŽ¡DSS‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î3ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.8) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘йplates–¦fare“not“recognized“bš²!y“the“soft˜w˜are.ަIn–.ãÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹,‘FÉas“in›.âall“similar˜programs,‘FÊFITS‘.Äaxis“\1"˜is“traditionaly˜referred“as˜the“âX‘.Ĺaxis,Ž¡and–¦fFITS“axis“\2"“as“the“âY“¹axis.ŽŸ€Aïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.5.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ°Çã5.2Ž‘$æcDouble–ffimage“mos3deŽŸ"R¹If–:çdata“are›:èa²!v‘ÿdDailable“for“the“same“eld“in˜sev²!eral“photometric“bands,‘`it“is˜usually“desirable“toŽ¡measure–_Gob‘›»ject‘_Fcš²!haracteristics“suc˜h›_Fas“magnitudes“exactly˜at“the˜same“pMÞositions˜and“throughŽ¡the–Fsame“apMÞertures“for“the“dierenš²!t“bands,‘-=to“deriv˜e“precise“colour“indices“for“example.‘!}ÜSEx-Ž¡traÁ´ctor–qI¹makš²!es‘qHthis“pMÞossible“b˜y‘qHpro˜viding“a“spšMÞecial“mo˜de‘qHdubb˜ed“\double“image‘qHmo˜de"“whereŽ¡detections–uöare›u÷made“on“one“image˜while“measuremen²!ts“are˜carried“out“on“another˜(bMÞoth“imagesŽ¡m•²!ust›¶?ha“v“e˜exactly‘¶@the˜same˜n“um“b•MÞer˜of˜pixels).‘
iBy˜rep“eatedly˜running‘¶@ÜSExtraÁ´ctor˜¹with˜v‘ÿdDar-Ž¡ious–ß.\measuremenš²!t‘ß/images"“while“k˜eeping›ß/the“same˜\detection“image",‘í`one˜ends“up“with˜a“setŽ¡of–¦fcatalogues“haš²!ving“the“same“sources“measured“through“dieren˜t“c˜hannels.ަIn–Üûthis›Üúcase,‘ê Sextractor“should˜bMÞe“run“rst˜in“single“image˜moMÞde“on˜the“image“with˜the“\bMÞest"Ž¡qualit²!y‘ÿe,‘‹Áusually–]âthe“band›]ãwhere“the“data“are“the˜deepMÞest“and/or“where“the“seeing˜is“the“bMÞestŽ¡(hereafter–¦fimage“1).ŽŸ¼Ìïcolor push  BlackŸýff‰ff¶HŸ
LÍ‘{ºŸü-=Ï1ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï    color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.5) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endèIn–׈the›ׇtext,‘ãäuppAÇercase“k•¾9eyw“ords˜in›׈t“ypAÇewriter˜fon“t–ׇrefer˜to˜parameters“from˜the“conguration˜le˜or“from˜theŽŸparameter‘TleŽŸLÏï color popŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤¹13Ž’Ç>|ï      color popŽŽŒ‹s–ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.14) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ»Ÿßâ ý–â‚ïcolor push  Black i~ŸØ«»‘9ôï>PSfile="ps/sexlayout.ps" llx=0 lly=0 urx=506 ury=685 rwi=4252 ŽŽŸ™š¹Figure–8½4.1:‘‹ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï   color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (figure.4.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end“La•²!y“out–8½of“the“main“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹proMÞcedures.‘”áæDashe–ÿp¹d‘qŒarr“ows‘Õ¹represen²!t‘8½optionalŽŸ
™šinputs.ŽŽï      color popŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤14Ž’Ç>|ï      color popŽŽŒ‹{ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.15) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýU"Eïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïMps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (chapter.5) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ[°ÇäChapter‘Ç
LÍ‘{ºŸü-=Ï1ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï    color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.6) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endóI¼j‘¹           cmti9ëIFlexible–N|ï        color popŽŽŒ‹€:ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.16) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E¹Ob‘›»jects–¦fwill“bšMÞe“detected“and“measured“in“the“deep˜est“image.Ž©JaAs–™_usual›™`bMÞefore“running“SExtractor,‘›úmak²!e˜sure“that“y•²!ou˜ha“v“e–™_dened“the“parameters˜yš²!ou“w˜an˜tޤ
™što–Àxmeasure›Àwon“the˜image“b²!y“editing˜the“default.param˜le.‘,Y‘ÿeou“m²!ust˜also“edit˜the“default1.sexŽ¡le–¦f(adapted“to“the“c²!haracteristics“of“image“1).ަY‘ÿeou–¦fcan“then“run“SExtractor“on“image“1“bš²!y“t˜yping“something“lik˜e:ަâsex–¿ªimage1.fits“-c“default1.sexަ¹In–™order›™to“run˜SExtractor“on“a˜second“image˜(image“2)˜using“the“detections˜made“on˜image“1,Ž¡it–¦fis“necessary“to“edit“a“default2.sex“le“(adapted“to“the“c²!haracteristics“of“image“2).ަY‘ÿeou–¦fcan“then“run“SExtractor“on“image“2“in“double“image“moMÞde“bš²!y“t˜yping“something“lik˜e:ަâsex–¿ªimage1.fits,image2.fits“-c“default2.sexަ¹Y‘ÿeou–`kthen“obtain“t•²!w“o›`kdieren“t˜catalogues˜for˜the˜t“w“o˜images,‘Îëwhic“h˜ha“v“e˜exactly˜the˜sameŽ¡n•²!um“bšMÞers–¦fof“lines“and“can“b˜e“put“together.ަIf–æyš²!ou“ha˜v˜e“images‘æin“other“bands“co˜v˜ering“the“same“regions,‘öy˜ou“can‘æmeasure“them“in“doubleŽ¡image–ÁBmoMÞde“as›ÁCw•²!ell,‘Çùalw“a“ys–ÁBtaking“as“a˜reference“image“1,‘Çùand“then“com²!bine˜all“the“cataloguesŽ¡obtained.ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤16Ž’Ç>|ï color popŽŽŒ‹“Rïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýU"Eïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïMps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (chapter.6) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ[°ÇäChapter‘Ç
5ŽŸ7°ÇÚHandling–       T{of“image“dataŽŸ<¨SÜSExtraÁ´ctor–nï¹accepts“images“stored“in“FITSïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î1ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.6) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘.¤¹format“(W‘ÿeells“et“al.“1981,‘­:see“also“âhttp://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov¹).ޤ
™šBoth–Ò0\Basic›Ò1FITS"‘Ñú(one“single˜header“and“one˜single“b•MÞo“dy)‘Ò0and˜\Multi-Extension-FITS"‘Ñú(MEF)Ž¡images–Ïsare“recognized.‘YBinary“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹catalogues“proMÞduced“from“MEF‘Ïiimages“are“MEFŽ¡les–Ýwthemselv²!es.‘ƒIf›Ýxcatalogue“output“is“in˜ASCIMÞI‘Ýiformat,‘ë;all˜catalogues“from“the˜individual“ex-Ž¡tensions–°†are›°‡concatenated“in˜one“big˜le;‘µ–the˜âEXT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™NUMBER‘°„¹catalogue“parameter˜m²!ust“bMÞe˜used“toŽ¡tell–¦fwhic²!h“extension“the“source“bMÞelongs“to.Ž©JaF‘ÿeor–ôsimages“with“âNAXISŽ‘$?Ý>‘Œ¼¹2,‘÷only“the“rst“data-plane“is“loaded.‘ÈIf“W²!CSïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î2ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.7) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘´c¹information“(GreisenŽ¡&›¾,Calabretta–¾-1995,‘Äâhttp://www.cv.nrao.edu/fits/documents/wcs/wcs.all.ps¹)“is˜a²!v‘ÿdDailableŽ¡in–Œ×the“header,‘Ærit“is“automatically“used“b²!y“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor‘ŒÖ¹to“compute“astrometric“parameters.Ž¡Other–µ—astrometric‘µ–descriptions“likš²!e“AST‘µQ(æStarlink“¹format)‘ k-or“the“solution“coMÞecien˜ts‘µ–of“theŽ¡DSS‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î3ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïrps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.8) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘йplates–¦fare“not“recognized“bš²!y“the“soft˜w˜are.ަIn–.ãÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹,‘FÉas“in›.âall“similar˜programs,‘FÊFITS‘.Äaxis“\1"˜is“traditionaly˜referred“as˜the“âX‘.Ĺaxis,Ž¡and–¦fFITS“axis“\2"“as“the“âY“¹axis.Ž „½ïcolor push  BlackŸýff‰ff¶HŸ
6ŽŸ7°ÇÚDetection–      T{and“segmen‘ÿ8õtationŽŸ;Ja¹In–bÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹,‘o¾the“detection“of“sources›bis“part“of“a˜proMÞcess“called“æse‘ÿp¹gmentation“¹in˜the“image-ޤ
™špro•MÞcessing‘evš²!o“cabulary‘ÿe.‘
LÍ‘{ºŸü-=Ï1ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï    color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.6) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endóI¼j‘¹           cmti9ëIFlexible–N|ï        color popŽŽŒ‹ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.16) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýU"Eïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïMps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (chapter.6) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ[°ÇäChapter‘Ç
±Segmen˜tation–enormally‘econsists“of“iden˜tifying“and“separating“imageŽ¡regions›Mthat‘Nha•²!v“e˜dieren“t‘NpropMÞerties˜(brigh“tness,–ˆ¹colour,“texture...)‘Ñor–Nare˜delineated“b²!y˜edges.Ž¡In–NÊthe‘NËastronomical“conš²!text,‘xãthe“segmen˜tation“proMÞcess›NËconsists“of“separating“ob‘›»jects˜from“theŽ¡sky–Cbacš²!kground.‘­ÒThis“is“ho˜w˜ev˜er“a“somewhat“imprecise‘Ddenition,‘3as“astronomical“sources“ha˜v˜e,Ž¡on–¤Ethe›¤Dimages“|“and“ev²!en˜often“ph²!ysically“|,‘¤±no“clear“bMÞoundaries,‘¤²and˜maš²!y“o˜v˜erlap.‘Ý'W‘ÿee“shallŽ¡therefore–!use›"the“follo•²!wing˜w“orking–!denition˜of“an˜ob‘›»ject“in˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹:‘µTa“group˜of“pixelsŽ¡selected–•“through“some›•”detection“proMÞcess“and“for˜whicš²!h“the“
ux“con˜tribution‘•”of“an“astronomicalŽ¡source–4åis“bšMÞeliev²!ed“to“b˜e“dominan•²!t›4æo“v“er–4åthat“of“other“ob‘›»jects.‘¸Note˜that“this“means“that“a“simpleŽ¡Ýx;‘Ó1y‘$·¹pšMÞosition–À$v²!ector“alone“cannot“b˜e“handled“bš²!y“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹as‘À%a“detection:‘j¼most“measuremen˜tŽ¡routines–¦frequire“some“rough“shapšMÞe“information“ab˜out“the“ob‘›»jects.ŽŸJaSegmenš²!tation–iÒin‘iÑÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹is“ac˜hiev˜ed“through‘iÑa“v˜ery“simple“thresholding‘iÑproMÞcess:‘¿“a“groupŽ¡of–æwconnected“pixels“that“exceed“some“threshold‘ævabMÞo•²!v“e–æwthe“bacš²!kground“is“iden˜tied“as“a“detection.Ž¡But–!Xthings›!Ware“a“little˜bit“more“complicated˜in“practice.‘±ƒFirst,‘;ôon“most˜astronomical“images,‘;ôtheŽ¡bacš²!kground–jŠis“not“constan˜t‘j‹o˜v˜er“the“frame,‘vƒand“its“determination“can‘j‹bMÞe“am˜biguous“in“cro˜wdedŽ¡regions.‘<ÑSecond,‘8¡the›bsoft•²!w“are˜has˜to˜opMÞerate˜on˜noisy˜data,‘8¡and˜some˜ltering˜adapted˜to˜theŽ¡c²!haracteristics–0€of“the›0image“has“to“bMÞe“applied“prior˜to“detection,‘Hto“reduce˜the“conš²!tamination“b˜yŽ¡noise–ƒtpMÞeaks.‘|âThird,‘½¤manš²!y“sources‘ƒsthat“o˜v˜erlap“on“the‘ƒsimage“are“unlik˜ely“to‘ƒsbMÞe“detected“separatelyŽ¡with–‘Ua›‘Vsingle“detection˜threshold,‘•Œand“require˜a“de-blending˜proMÞcedure,‘•Œwhic²!h“is˜actually“m²!ulti-Ž¡thresholding–ü@in“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹.‘ßlEacš²!h“of“these‘üApMÞoin˜ts“will“no˜w“bšMÞe“describ˜ed‘üAin“greater“detailŽ¡bMÞelo•²!w.‘ÇóIt›d§is‘d¨w“orth˜men“tioning–d¨here“that˜these“3˜diculties“could,‘qÍto“a˜large“extenš²!t,‘qÍbMÞe“b˜ypassedŽ¡using–‰a“w•²!a“v“elet‘‰decompMÞosition–‰(e.g.›…ïBijaoui“et“al.“1998).˜Although“sucš²!h‘‰an“algorithm“migh˜tŽ¡bMÞe–Ptimplemen²!ted›Puin“a˜future“v²!ersion“of˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹,‘z÷curren•²!t˜constrain“ts–Ptin˜prošMÞcessing“sp˜eed,Ž¡aš²!v‘ÿdDailable–ÑÅmemory“(proMÞcessing“of“gigan˜tic“images)‘ÑÆoften“mak˜e“the“\pMÞedestrian“approac˜h"“stillŽ¡more–¦finš²!teresting“in“the“case“of“large“scale“surv˜eys.ŽŸ¡Rïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.6.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¶ã6.1Ž‘$æcBacŒÌkground‘ffestimationŽŸ"R¹The– ¨v‘ÿdDalue“measured“at“eacš²!h“pixel“is“a“function‘ §of“the“sum“of“a“\bac˜kground"“signal“and“ligh˜tŽ¡coming–vfrom›wthe“ob‘›»jects˜of“in²!terest.‘¬âT‘ÿeo˜bMÞe“able˜to“detect“the˜fain²!test“of“these˜ob‘›»jects“and˜also“toŽ¡measure–jŠaccurately“their“
uxes,‘vƒone“needs“to“ha•²!v“e–jŠan“accurate“estimate“of“the“bacš²!kground“lev˜elŽ¡in–2van²!y“place“of‘2uthe“image,›I¦a“æb–ÿp¹ackgr“ound‘€@map¹.‘·8Strictly–2vspMÞeaking,˜there‘2ushould“bMÞe“one“bac²!kgroundŽ¡map–}àpšMÞer“ob‘›»ject,‘…úthat“is,‘…ûwhat“w²!ould“the‘}ßimage“lo˜ok“likš²!e“if“that“ob‘›»ject“w˜as‘}ßabsen˜t.‘Ð[But,‘…ûat“leastŽ¡for–“ðdetection,‘—¢wš²!e“ma˜y‘“ñstart“b˜y›“ñassuming“that˜most“discrete˜sources“do˜not“o•²!v“erlap˜toMÞo‘“ðsev“erely‘ÿe,ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤17Ž’Ç>|ï        color popŽŽŒ‹šyïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E¹whic²!h–¦fis“generally“the“case“for“high“galactic“latitude“elds.ŽŸJaT‘ÿeo–ÇBconstruct“the“bacš²!kground“map,‘yÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹mak˜es“a“rst‘ÇCpass“through“the“pixel“data,ޤ
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6ŽŸ7°ÇÚDetection–      T{and“segmen‘ÿ8õtationŽŸ;Ja¹In–bÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹,‘o¾the“detection“of“sources›bis“part“of“a˜proMÞcess“called“æse‘ÿp¹gmentation“¹in˜the“image-ޤ
™špro•MÞcessing‘evš²!o“cabulary‘ÿe.‘
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uxes,‘vƒone“needs“to“ha•²!v“e–jŠan“accurate“estimate“of“the“bacš²!kground“lev˜elŽ¡in–2van²!y“place“of‘2uthe“image,›I¦a“æb–ÿp¹ackgr“ound‘€@map¹.‘·8Strictly–2vspMÞeaking,˜there‘2ushould“bMÞe“one“bac²!kgroundŽ¡map–}àpšMÞer“ob‘›»ject,‘…úthat“is,‘…ûwhat“w²!ould“the‘}ßimage“lo˜ok“likš²!e“if“that“ob‘›»ject“w˜as‘}ßabsen˜t.‘Ð[But,‘…ûat“leastŽ¡for–“ðdetection,‘—¢wš²!e“ma˜y‘“ñstart“b˜y›“ñassuming“that˜most“discrete˜sources“do˜not“o•²!v“erlap˜toMÞo‘“ðsev“erely‘ÿe,ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤16Ž’Ç>|ï        color popŽŽŒ‹ŒCïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E¹whic²!h–¦fis“generally“the“case“for“high“galactic“latitude“elds.ŽŸJaT‘ÿeo–ÇBconstruct“the“bacš²!kground“map,‘yÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹mak˜es“a“rst‘ÇCpass“through“the“pixel“data,ޤ
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—NŽŽŽŽ’³WBŸðußŽŽ’»f»ŸóJÎ2Ž’Ã1fÞŸø—ž‘=Ú¹(Ž‘ý(Ýs–nìÞ“Ýh¹)(ÝxŸ¤zÎ0Ž‘ÀÝ;‘Ó1y‘j¬Ÿ¤zÎ0Ž‘*°¹)]ŽŽ‘MÄÁŸúôEÎ2ŽŽ‘=ÚŸ㦉p NFëŸÒ£‘äßö]ý‰p $}fŸ     ¢¹(Ýn–nìÞ“Ýh¹)ŸüÖ0Î2ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ‘U‹)Ý;‘Ó1ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.6.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’°¼Wïcolor push  Black¹(6.3)ï   color popŽŽŽŸðwhere–uÝs“¹is›vthe“signal“to“bMÞe˜detected,›$¹Ýn“¹the“noise,˜and“`Þ¹'‘vthe“con•²!v“olution›uopMÞerator.‘
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al.“1995),‘ï´bMÞoth˜of“whic²!h“assume˜that“the˜sources“are“reasonably˜round.‘ËThe“impactŽ¡on–Žÿmemory›Žþusage“and˜prošMÞcessing“sp˜eed“of‘Žþsucš²!h“renemen˜ts‘Žþis“curren˜tly“judged‘ŽþtoMÞo“sev˜ere‘Žþto“bMÞeŽ¡applied–ëÞin“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹.‘Ÿ°Simple“ltering‘ëßdošMÞes“a“go˜o˜d“job“in“general:‘€šthe“top˜ological“constrain²!tsŽ¡added–©Gbš²!y‘©Fthe“segmen˜tation“proMÞcess“mak˜e‘©Fthe“detection“somewhat“toleran˜t‘©Fto˜w˜ards“larger“ob‘›»jects.Ž¡Extended,‘÷ýv•²!ery›ç«Lo“w-Surface-Brigh“tness–ç¬(LSB)‘çšfeatures“found˜in“astronomical˜images“are˜oftenŽ¡artifacts›ùj(
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LÍ‘{ºŸü-=Ï3ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï    color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.11) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endèThe–TPSF“is“the“con•¾9v“olution–Tof“the“instrumen¾9tal“PSF“and“the“atmospheric“seeing.ŽŸ‘{ºŸü-=Ï4ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.12) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endèF‘ÿ:«ull-Width–Tat“Half-Maxim¾9umŽŸLÏï color popŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤¹20Ž’Ç>|ï      color popŽŽŒ‹Ø”ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E¹the–“PSF‘“ywill“lead›“~to“no˜more“than˜a“10%˜loss“in˜pMÞeak“S/N‘“z(Irwin˜1985).‘×Considering˜that“PSFޤ
™šv‘ÿdDariations–]¹are›]¸generally“m•²!uc“h˜smaller–]¹than“this,‘lAltering“in“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor˜¹is“limited˜to“constan²!tŽ¡k²!ernels.ŽŸR…ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïTps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.6.2.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ°ÇëH6.2.2Ž‘)@Non-linear‘€lteringŽ©\ƹThere–õ.are“manš²!y‘õ/situations“in“whic˜h“con˜v˜olution“is›õ/of“little“help:‘{mltering˜of“(strongly)“non-Ž¡Gaussian–bnoise,‘o±extraction“of“spMÞecic“image›bpatterns,...‘ÇIn“those˜cases,‘o°one“w•²!ould˜lik“e–bto“extendŽ¡the–Ÿóconcept“of“a“con•²!v“olution›Ÿók“ernel˜to‘Ÿòthat˜of˜a˜more˜general˜stationary˜lter,‘¡=able˜for˜instanceŽ¡to–Æ=mimic“b•MÞo“olean-lik²!e›Æ>op“erations–Æ=on“pixels.‘=bWhat˜one“w•²!an“ts–Æ=is“th²!us“a“mapping˜from“ÛRŸü¾ÐnŽ‘
al.“1995),‘ï´bMÞoth˜of“whic²!h“assume˜that“the˜sources“are“reasonably˜round.‘ËThe“impactŽ¡on–Žÿmemory›Žþusage“and˜prošMÞcessing“sp˜eed“of‘Žþsucš²!h“renemen˜ts‘Žþis“curren˜tly“judged‘ŽþtoMÞo“sev˜ere‘Žþto“bMÞeŽ¡applied–ëÞin“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹.‘Ÿ°Simple“ltering‘ëßdošMÞes“a“go˜o˜d“job“in“general:‘€šthe“top˜ological“constrain²!tsŽ¡added–©Gbš²!y‘©Fthe“segmen˜tation“proMÞcess“mak˜e‘©Fthe“detection“somewhat“toleran˜t‘©Fto˜w˜ards“larger“ob‘›»jects.Ž¡Extended,‘÷ýv•²!ery›ç«Lo“w-Surface-Brigh“tness–ç¬(LSB)‘çšfeatures“found˜in“astronomical˜images“are˜oftenŽ¡artifacts›ùj(
at-elding–ùkerrors,‘+optical“\ghosts"˜or“halos).‘ÖêHo•²!w“ev“er,‘+it–ùkis˜true“that˜some“of˜themŽ¡can–¢bMÞe“gen•²!uine‘¡ob‘›»jects,›!1lik“e‘¢LSB‘ˆgalaxies,˜or›¡distan“t–¢galaxy“clusters“buried˜in“the“bac²!kgroundŽ¡noise.‘Ü
F‘ÿeor› ødetecting– ÷those“with“soft•²!w“are‘ ÷lik“e˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹,‘¢
a– ÷spšMÞecic“pro˜cessing‘ øis“needed“(seeŽ¡for–Ï:instance›Ï9Dalcan²!ton“et˜al.“1997˜and“references˜therein).‘XXThe˜simplest“w•²!a“y˜to‘Ï:ac“hiev“e˜theŽ¡detection–Ïof“extended›ÎLSB‘Íob‘›»jects“in˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹is“to“w²!ork˜on“âMINIBACK‘;™¹c•²!hec“k-images‘Ï(seeŽ¡Þxïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black¹6.1.1ï       color popŽ‘‚$Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘‚$ïwps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.6.1.1) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end).ަA‘Nsecond‘NDproblem–NEma²!y“ošMÞccur“b˜ecause›NDof“o•²!v“erlaps–NEwith“other˜ob‘›»jects.‘ÕzCon•²!v“olving˜with–NEa“lo²!w-Ž¡pass–rIlter›rJ(the“PSF‘rhas˜no“negativ²!e˜side-lobMÞes)“diminishes˜the“con•²!trast˜bMÞet“w“een‘rIob‘›»jects,‘¥BandŽ¡mak•²!es›z'segmen“tation˜less‘z&eectiv“e˜in˜isolating˜individual˜sources.‘YThis˜can˜to‘z&some˜exten“t˜bMÞeŽ¡reco•²!v“ered›Yhb“y˜deblending˜(see˜Þxïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black¹6.4ï       color popŽ‘
ýߟøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ýßïrps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.6.4) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end).‘Ä3In˜sev“erely˜cro“wded˜elds˜ho“w“ev“er,‘hÎconfusion˜noise˜bMÞecomesŽ¡the–*limiting›)factor“for˜detection,‘!iand“it˜is“then“advisable˜not“to“lter˜at“all,‘!ior˜to“use˜a“bandpass-Ž¡lter–¦f(compMÞensated“lter“).ަFinally‘ÿe,‘³çthe–~PSF‘}Écan“v‘ÿdDary“across›~the“eld.‘d¬The“con•²!v“olution˜mask–~should“ideally˜follo²!w“theseŽ¡v‘ÿdDariations–u©in“order›u¨to“allo²!w“for“optimal˜detection“evš²!erywhere“in“the“image.‘K¥Ho˜w˜ev˜er,‘©yconsid-Ž¡ering›±Ãappro²!ximately-Gaussian–±ÂPSF‘±Àcores“and˜con•²!v“olution›±Âk“ernels,‘´šdetectabilit“y˜is–±Ãa˜rather“slo²!wŽ¡function–iþof“their“FWHMsïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î4ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïsps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.12) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘À¹:‘¿©a“mismatcš²!h“as“large“as“50%“bMÞet˜w˜een“the“k˜ernel‘iýFWHM‘iïand“that“ofŽŸ!ïcolor push  BlackŸýff‰ff¶HŸ
n¹toŽ¡ÛR–ÞØ¹around›Þ×eac²!h“pixel.‘‡2But“the“more“general˜the“lter,‘,ôthe“more˜dicult“it“is“to˜design“\b²!yŽ¡hand"–8æfor“eacš²!h‘8åcase,‘]†spMÞecifying“ho˜w“input‘8åpixel“#i“should“bMÞe“tak˜en“in˜to‘8åaccoun˜t“with“respMÞectŽ¡to–Àinput›Àpixel“#j˜to“form“the˜output,‘†etc..‘*÷The“solution˜to“this“is˜mac•²!hine-learning.‘*÷Giv“enŽ¡a–²Ttraining›²Sset“con²!taining“input˜and“output“pixels,‘õOa˜macš²!hine-learning“soft˜w˜are“will‘²Sadapt“itsŽ¡in²!ternal–Î*parameters›Î+in“order“to˜minimize“a˜\cost“function"“(generally˜a“ÝŸü¾Î2Ž‘Ž.¹error)˜and“con•²!v“ergeŽ¡to•²!w“ard–}Nthe›}Odesired“mapping-function.‘Ð+These“parameters˜can“then˜for“example˜bMÞe“reloaded˜b²!y“aŽ¡\read-only"–¦froutine“to“pro²!vide“the“actual“ltering.ŽŸJaÜSExtraÁ´ctor–ÕÆ¹implemenš²!ts“this“kind“of“\read-only"‘ÕÇfunctionalit˜y“in“the“form“of“the“so-calledŽ¡\retina›‹«ltering".‘ÔôThe‘‹ªÜEyEïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î5ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïsps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.13) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘K¨¹soft•²!w“are˜(Bertin‘‹ª1997)˜pMÞerforms˜neural-net“w“ork-learning‘‹ªon˜inputŽ¡and–[routput›[simages“to“proMÞduce“\retina˜les".‘      ýThese˜les“conš²!tain“w˜eigh˜ts“that‘[sdescribMÞe“theŽ¡bMÞehaš²!viour–ÈAof“the‘ÈBneural“net˜w˜ork.‘CoThe“neural“net˜w˜ork“can‘ÈBth˜us“bMÞe“seen“as‘ÈBan“\articial“retina"Ž¡that– ñtakš²!es“its“stim˜uli‘ òfrom“a“small“rectangular“arra˜y“of“pixels“and‘ òprošMÞduces“a“resp˜onse“accordingŽ¡to–s:prior›s9learning“(for˜more“details,‘¦nsee“the˜ÜEyE‘s¹doMÞcumen•²!tation).‘DXT“ypical–s:applications˜of“theŽ¡retina–¦fare“the“idenš²!tication“of‘LÌglitc˜hes.ŽŸs–ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïTps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.6.2.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¶ëH6.2.3Ž‘)@What–€is“ltered,“and“what“isn'tަ¹Although–¥õltering“is›¥ôa“bMÞenet“for“detection,‘åØit˜distorts“proles“and“correlates“the˜noise;‘%¼it“isŽ¡therefore–ß‹detrimen²!tal›ߊfor“most˜measuremen²!t“tasks.‘‰KBecause˜of“this,‘íÔltering˜is“applied˜\on“theŽ¡
y"–Što“the“image,‘&and›‹ædir–ÿp¹e“ctly–йaects“only“the“detection“proMÞcess˜and“the“isophotal“parametersŽ¡describMÞed›Û—in–Û˜Þxïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black¹11.1ï       color popŽ‘wyŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘wyïsps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.11.1) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end.‘}pOther“catalogue˜parameters˜are“indirectly˜aected˜|˜through“the˜exactŽ¡pMÞosition–hof›hœthe“barycen²!ter“and˜tš²!ypical“ob‘›»ject“exten˜t–hœ|,‘Ù*but“the–heect“is‘hœconsiderably“less.Ž¡Ob²!viously‘ÿe,–¦fin“double-image“moMÞde,“ltering“is“only“applied“to“the“ædete‘ÿp¹ction‘y¹image.ŽŸs–ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïTps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.6.2.4) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¶ëH6.2.4Ž‘)@Image–€b`oundaries“and‘    bad“pixelsަ¹\Virtual"–²    pixels›²
LÍ‘{ºŸü-=Ï3ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï    color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.11) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endèThe–TPSF“is“the“con•¾9v“olution–Tof“the“instrumen¾9tal“PSF“and“the“atmospheric“seeing.ŽŸ‘{ºŸü-=Ï4ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.12) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endèF‘ÿ:«ull-Width–Tat“Half-Maxim¾9umŽŸLÏï color popŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤¹19Ž’Ç>|ï      color popŽŽŒ‹Ê^ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E¹the–“PSF‘“ywill“lead›“~to“no˜more“than˜a“10%˜loss“in˜pMÞeak“S/N‘“z(Irwin˜1985).‘×Considering˜that“PSFޤ
™šv‘ÿdDariations–]¹are›]¸generally“m•²!uc“h˜smaller–]¹than“this,‘lAltering“in“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor˜¹is“limited˜to“constan²!tŽ¡k²!ernels.ŽŸR…ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïTps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.6.2.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ°ÇëH6.2.2Ž‘)@Non-linear‘€lteringŽ©\ƹThere–õ.are“manš²!y‘õ/situations“in“whic˜h“con˜v˜olution“is›õ/of“little“help:‘{mltering˜of“(strongly)“non-Ž¡Gaussian–bnoise,‘o±extraction“of“spMÞecic“image›bpatterns,...‘ÇIn“those˜cases,‘o°one“w•²!ould˜lik“e–bto“extendŽ¡the–Ÿóconcept“of“a“con•²!v“olution›Ÿók“ernel˜to‘Ÿòthat˜of˜a˜more˜general˜stationary˜lter,‘¡=able˜for˜instanceŽ¡to–Æ=mimic“b•MÞo“olean-lik²!e›Æ>op“erations–Æ=on“pixels.‘=bWhat˜one“w•²!an“ts–Æ=is“th²!us“a“mapping˜from“ÛRŸü¾ÐnŽ‘
that“lie“outside“image˜bMÞoundaries“are“arbitrarily“set“to˜zero.‘ÇThis“mak²!es“senseŽ¡since–XÄltering“oMÞccurs“on›XÅa“bac²!kground-subtracted“image.‘ ô÷When˜w•²!eigh“ting–XÄis“applied“(Þxïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black¹7ï   color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïpps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (chapter.7) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end),Ž¡bad–©Opixels›©P(pixels“with“w•²!eigh“t˜Ý<–©OâWEIGHT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™THRESH¹)“are“in•²!terpMÞolated˜b“y–©Odefault“(Þxïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black¹7.5ï     color popŽ‘
ýߟøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ýßïrps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.7.5) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end)˜and“shouldŽ¡therefore–GHnot“cause›GIm•²!uc“h–GHtrouble.‘¾(It“is˜recommended“not“to“turn-o“in²!terpMÞolation“of‘Ž‘bad“pixelsŽ¡when–¦fltering“is“on.ŽŸs–ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïTps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.6.2.5) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¶ëH6.2.5Ž‘)@Conguration‘€parametersަ¹Filtering–Ö¬is›Ö«triggered“when˜the“âFILTER‘ÖŸ¹k•²!eyw“ord˜is–Ö¬set˜to“âY¹.˜If“activ²!e,‘â½a˜le“with˜name“spMÞeciedŽ¡bš²!y–ØòâFILTER‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™NAME‘Øå¹is“searc˜hed›Øófor“and“loaded.‘uFiltering“with“large˜retinas“can“bMÞe“extremely“timeŽŸ!ïcolor push  BlackŸýff‰ff¶HŸ
n¹toŽ¡ÛR–ÞØ¹around›Þ×eac²!h“pixel.‘‡2But“the“more“general˜the“lter,‘,ôthe“more˜dicult“it“is“to˜design“\b²!yŽ¡hand"–8æfor“eacš²!h‘8åcase,‘]†spMÞecifying“ho˜w“input‘8åpixel“#i“should“bMÞe“tak˜en“in˜to‘8åaccoun˜t“with“respMÞectŽ¡to–Àinput›Àpixel“#j˜to“form“the˜output,‘†etc..‘*÷The“solution˜to“this“is˜mac•²!hine-learning.‘*÷Giv“enŽ¡a–²Ttraining›²Sset“con²!taining“input˜and“output“pixels,‘õOa˜macš²!hine-learning“soft˜w˜are“will‘²Sadapt“itsŽ¡in²!ternal–Î*parameters›Î+in“order“to˜minimize“a˜\cost“function"“(generally˜a“ÝŸü¾Î2Ž‘Ž.¹error)˜and“con•²!v“ergeŽ¡to•²!w“ard–}Nthe›}Odesired“mapping-function.‘Ð+These“parameters˜can“then˜for“example˜bMÞe“reloaded˜b²!y“aŽ¡\read-only"–¦froutine“to“pro²!vide“the“actual“ltering.ŽŸJaÜSExtraÁ´ctor–ÕÆ¹implemenš²!ts“this“kind“of“\read-only"‘ÕÇfunctionalit˜y“in“the“form“of“the“so-calledŽ¡\retina›‹«ltering".‘ÔôThe‘‹ªÜEyEïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î5ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïsps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.13) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘K¨¹soft•²!w“are˜(Bertin‘‹ª1997)˜pMÞerforms˜neural-net“w“ork-learning‘‹ªon˜inputŽ¡and–[routput›[simages“to“proMÞduce“\retina˜les".‘      ýThese˜les“conš²!tain“w˜eigh˜ts“that‘[sdescribMÞe“theŽ¡bMÞehaš²!viour–ÈAof“the‘ÈBneural“net˜w˜ork.‘CoThe“neural“net˜w˜ork“can‘ÈBth˜us“bMÞe“seen“as‘ÈBan“\articial“retina"Ž¡that– ñtakš²!es“its“stim˜uli‘ òfrom“a“small“rectangular“arra˜y“of“pixels“and‘ òprošMÞduces“a“resp˜onse“accordingŽ¡to–s:prior›s9learning“(for˜more“details,‘¦nsee“the˜ÜEyE‘s¹doMÞcumen•²!tation).‘DXT“ypical–s:applications˜of“theŽ¡retina–¦fare“the“idenš²!tication“of‘LÌglitc˜hes.ŽŸs–ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïTps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.6.2.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¶ëH6.2.3Ž‘)@What–€is“ltered,“and“what“isn'tަ¹Although–¥õltering“is›¥ôa“bMÞenet“for“detection,‘åØit˜distorts“proles“and“correlates“the˜noise;‘%¼it“isŽ¡therefore–ß‹detrimen²!tal›ߊfor“most˜measuremen²!t“tasks.‘‰KBecause˜of“this,‘íÔltering˜is“applied˜\on“theŽ¡
y"–Što“the“image,‘&and›‹ædir–ÿp¹e“ctly–йaects“only“the“detection“proMÞcess˜and“the“isophotal“parametersŽ¡describMÞed›Û—in–Û˜Þxïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black¹11.1ï       color popŽ‘wyŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘wyïsps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.11.1) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end.‘}pOther“catalogue˜parameters˜are“indirectly˜aected˜|˜through“the˜exactŽ¡pMÞosition–hof›hœthe“barycen²!ter“and˜tš²!ypical“ob‘›»ject“exten˜t–hœ|,‘Ù*but“the–heect“is‘hœconsiderably“less.Ž¡Ob²!viously‘ÿe,–¦fin“double-image“moMÞde,“ltering“is“only“applied“to“the“ædete‘ÿp¹ction‘y¹image.ŽŸs–ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïTps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.6.2.4) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¶ëH6.2.4Ž‘)@Image–€b`oundaries“and‘    bad“pixelsަ¹\Virtual"–²    pixels›²
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ó4ïqps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (chapter.12) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end.ޤs–ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïTps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.6.2.6) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¶ëH6.2.6Ž‘)@CPU‘€costŽŸ\ƹThe–«%ÜSExtraÁ´ctor›«$¹ltering“routine“is˜particularly“optimized“for˜small“k•²!ernels.‘ìIt˜th“us‘«%pro“videsަa›¸con•²!v“enien“t‘·w“a“y˜of˜ltering–·large˜image“data.‘"ÒOn˜a˜2GHz“mac•²!hine,‘-Ìa˜con“v“olution‘·b“y˜a˜5–·"Þ“¹5ަkš²!ernel–Qôwill“con˜tribute›Qõless“than“1“second“to˜the“proMÞcessing“time“of“a˜2048–áJÞ“¹4096‘Qôimage.‘àˆTheަn•²!um“bMÞers–=øfor›=÷non-linear“(retina)˜ltering“depMÞend˜on“the˜complexit²!y“of˜the“neural˜net•²!w“ork,‘cÜbutަcan–¦fbMÞe“a“h²!undred“times“larger.Ž¡ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïTps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.6.2.7) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¶ëH6.2.7Ž‘)@Filter–€le“formatsŽŸ\ƹAs–tdescribšMÞed“ab˜o•²!v“e,‘=·t“w“o›skinds–tof“lter“les˜are“recognized“bš²!y“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹:‘Ïøcon˜v˜olution“lesަ(traditionaly–¦fsuxed“with“\â.conv¹"),“and“\retina"“les“(\â.ret¹"“extensionsïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î6ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïsps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.14) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘À¹).ޤJaRetina–¦fles“are“written“exclusivš²!ely“b˜y“the“ÜEyE“¹soft˜w˜are,“as“FITS“binary-tables.Ž¡Con•²!v“olution–nïles“are“in“ASCIMÞI‘n format.‘vThe“folloš²!wing“example“sho˜ws“the“con˜ten˜t“of“the“âgauss‘°—‰ffsŽ–#™2.0‘°—‰ffsŽ“5x5.convަ¹le–¦fwhic²!h“can“bMÞe“found“in“the“âconfig/“¹sub-directory“of“the“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹distribution:Ž¡‘ú†fïcolor push  Blackï       color popŽŽâCONV‘¿ªNORMަ#–¿ª5x5“\index{convolution}“convolution“mask“of“a“gaussian“\index{PSF}“PSF“with“\index{FWHM}“FWHM“=“2.0“pixels.ަ0.006319–¿ª0.040599“0.075183“0.040599“0.006319ަ0.040599–¿ª0.260856“0.483068“0.260856“0.040599ަ0.075183–¿ª0.483068“0.894573“0.483068“0.075183ަ0.040599–¿ª0.260856“0.483068“0.260856“0.040599ަ0.006319–¿ª0.040599“0.075183“0.040599“0.006319Ž¡¹The›2¼âCONV‘2W¹k•²!eyw“ord˜app•MÞearing˜at˜the˜b“eginning–2½of˜the˜rst˜line˜tells“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor˜¹that˜theަle–VRconš²!tains“the‘VSdescription“of“a“con˜v˜olution“mask“(k˜ernel).‘     í¢It“can“bMÞe“follo˜w˜ed‘VSb˜y“âNORM‘Uã¹ifަthe–Y‚mask“is“to“bšMÞe“normalized“to“1“b˜efore“b˜eing“applied,‘†Ior“âNONORM‘YT¹otherwiseïps:SDict begin H.S endŸü¾Î7ŽŽ‘Àïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïsps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (Hfootnote.15) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [1 0 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘À¹.‘÷1The“follo²!wingަlines–ôshould›õcon²!tain“an“equal˜n•²!um“bMÞer–ôof“k•²!ernel˜coMÞecien“ts,‘)separated›ôb“y˜Ý<¹spaceÝ>‘õ¹or˜Ý<¹T‘ÿeABÝ>ަ¹c•²!haracters.‘ˆ¯CošMÞecien“ts–Šin“the‘Šexample“ab˜o•²!v“e–Šare›Šread“from“left˜to“righ²!t“and“top˜to“bMÞottom,ަcorrespMÞonding–0Kto“increasing›0LâNAXIS1“¹(Ýx¹)“and“âNAXIS2˜¹(Ýyd“¹)“in“the“image.‘{F‘ÿeormatting“is˜free,‘RÄandަn•²!um“bMÞer›represen“tations‘lik“e˜â-0.14¹,–+Äâ-0.1400¹,“â-1.4e-1˜¹or˜â-1.4E-01‘¹are˜equiv‘ÿdDalen²!t.‘òThe˜widthަof–¹the‘ºkš²!ernel“is“set“b˜y‘ºthe“n˜um˜bšMÞer“of“v‘ÿdDalues‘ºp˜er“line,‘<Îand“its“heighš²!t‘ºis“giv˜en“b˜y“the‘ºn˜um˜bMÞer“ofަlines.‘ÝÝLines–¦fbMÞeginning“with“\â#¹"“are“treated“as“commen²!ts.ŽŸ!ïcolor push  BlackŸýff‰ff¶HŸ
§13Ý:¹18“ADUs“abšMÞo•²!v“e–¦fthe“lo˜cal“bac²!kground.ަâDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MINAREA‘Sï¹sets–Tthe“minim•²!um›Tn“um“bMÞer–Tof˜pixels“a“group˜should“ha•²!v“e˜to–Ttrigger˜a“detection.Ž¡Ob²!viously–ÈÏthis›ÈÎparameter“can“bMÞe“used˜just“likš²!e“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™THRESH‘ÈŹto“detect“only“brigh˜t‘ÈÎand“\big"Ž¡sources,‘\Ìor–to“increase“detection›reliabilit²!y‘ÿe.‘úIt“is˜ho•²!w“ev“er–more“tric²!ky“to˜manipulate“at“lo²!wŽ¡detection–UŒthresholds“bšMÞecause“of“the‘Ucomplex“in•²!terpla“y–UŒof“ob‘›»ject“top˜ology‘ÿe,‘ÁUnoise“correlationsŽ¡(including–m:those“induced“b²!y–m9ltering),‘xªand“sampling.‘ÊÏIn–m:most“cases‘m9it“is“therefore“recommendedŽ¡to–Okš²!eep“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MINAREA‘Nô¹at“a“small“v‘ÿdDalue,‘yMt˜ypically‘O 1“to“5“pixels,‘yMand“let“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™THRESH‘Nô¹andŽ¡the–¦flter“dene“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹'s“sensitivit²!y‘ÿe.ަâDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MAXAREA¹,–˜Con›˜Dthe“other˜hand,‘ÎJsets“the˜maximš²!um“n˜um˜bMÞer“of›˜Dpixels“a“group˜mš²!ust“ha˜v˜e‘˜Din“or-Ž¡der–nïto“trigger“a“detection.‘vThš²!us,‘­:this“parameter“ma˜y“bMÞe“used“in“conjunction“with“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MINAREAŽ¡¹in–ýgorder“to“detect“only‘ýfob‘›»jects“whose“size“is“within“a“certain“range.‘âßNote“that,‘'although“largeŽ¡ob‘›»jects–å7maš²!y“bMÞe“remo˜v˜ed“from“the“catalogue“b˜y“ltering“out“those“with“âISOAREAF‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™IMAGE‘å'¹largerŽ¡than–kMsome“threshold,‘œ‡these“detections“wš²!ould“still“appMÞear“in“the“c˜hec˜k-image.‘,“If“it“is“requiredŽ¡that–6Tlarge“ob‘›»jects‘6UbšMÞe“not“presen²!t“in“it,‘ZPâDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MAXAREA‘6/¹should“b˜e“used“in‘6Uorder“to“eectiv²!elyŽ¡exclude–¦fthem“from“the“c•²!hec“k-image.–ÝÝSee›¦fg.“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black6.2ï   color popŽ‘
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Ÿ½x‡‘sèïMPSfile="ps/detect_maxarea_example.ps" llx=14 lly=14 urx=735 ury=250 rwi=3968 ŽŽŸ™š¹Figure–³y6.2:‘øïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï   color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (figure.6.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endExample“of“ho²!w›³zthe“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MAXAREA‘³v¹parameter“can“bMÞe˜used“in“order“not˜to“detectޤ
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™šadopted–™vin›™uÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹,‘œis“based˜on“æmulti-thr‘ÿp¹esholding¹,‘œand˜wš²!orks“on“an˜y›™ukind“of˜ob‘›»ject;‘ÆbutŽ¡it–&'is“unable“to“deblend“compMÞonenš²!ts“that“are“so‘&(close“that“no“saddle“is“presen˜t“in“their“prole.Ž¡Ho•²!w“ev“er,‘mas–^°no“assumption“has›^±to“bMÞe“made“on“the˜shapMÞe“of“the“ob‘›»jects,‘mit“is˜pMÞerfectly“suited“forŽ¡galaxies–¦fas“w²!ell“as“for“high“galactic“latitude“stellar“elds.ŽŸJaT²!ypical–2ñproblematic›2òcases“for“deblending˜include“patc•²!h“y‘ÿe,‘–extended–2ñÛSc“¹galaxies˜(whicš²!h“m˜ustŽ¡bMÞe–7considered›8as“single“en²!tities),‘“Úand˜close“or“in²!teracting˜pairs“of“optically“fain²!t˜galaxies“(whic²!hŽ¡should–ïsbMÞe›ïrconsidered“as˜separate“ob‘›»jects).‘ áBasically‘ÿe,‘
LÍ‘{ºŸü-=Ï6ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï    color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.14) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endèIn–,MëGSExtraÌÌctorè,‘2le“name“extensions“are“just“con•¾9v“en“tions;‘7Êthey–,Mare“not“used“bš¾9y‘,Nthe“soft˜w˜are“to“distinguishŽŸbAÇet•¾9w“een›Tdieren“t˜le˜formats.ŽŸ‘{ºŸü-=Ï7ŽŽŽ‘¦aïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï      color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.15) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endèIf–Tthe“sum“of“the“kš¾9ernel“coAÇecien˜ts“happšAÇens“to“b˜e“exactly“zero,“the“kš¾9ernel“is“normalized“to“v‘ÿ|rariance“unit˜y‘ÿ:«.ŽŸLÏï        color popŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤¹21Ž’Ç>|ï      color popŽŽŒ‹öïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.22) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýU"Eïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.6.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸã6.3Ž‘$æcThresholdingŽŸ"R¹Thresholding–åis“applied›åto“the“bac²!kground-subtracted,‘Åltered“image“to˜isolate“connected“groupsޤ
™šof–Ópixels.‘   #Eacš²!h“group“denes“the‘Òappro˜ximate“pšMÞosition“and“shap˜e“of‘Òa“basic“ÜSExtraÁ´ctorŽ¡¹detection–Nthat›Nwill“b•MÞe˜pro“cessed–Nfurther˜in“the“pipMÞeline.‘ÀlGroups˜are“made˜of“pixels˜whose“v‘ÿdDaluesŽ¡exceed–æwthe“loMÞcal“threshold“and“whicš²!h“touc˜h“eac˜h“other“at“their“sides“or“angles“(\8-connectivit˜y").ŽŸQïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïTps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.6.3.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸóûëH6.3.1Ž‘)@Conguration‘€parameters.ŽŸ\ƹThresholding–nïis“mostly“con²!trolled“through“the“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ›#™THRESH¹,“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ˜MINAREA‘n ¹and“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ˜MAXAREAŽ¡¹k•²!eyw“ords.Ž©JaâDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™THRESH‘Cn¹sets–CØthe›CÙthreshold“v‘ÿdDalue.‘      ¶4If“one˜single“v‘ÿdDalue“is˜givš²!en,‘«4it“is“in˜terpreted‘CÙas“aŽ¡threshold–¦fin“units“of“the“(unltered)“bac²!kground's“standard“deviation.‘ÝÝF‘ÿeor“example:ަ‘ú†fïcolor push  Blackï    color popŽŽâDETECT_THRESH‘¿ª1.5ަ¹will–@yset“the“detection‘@xthreshold“at“1.5Ý‘¥¹abšMÞo•²!v“e–@ythe“lo˜cal›@xbac²!kground.‘»äIt“is˜impMÞortan²!t“to“note“thatŽ¡æthe–Qbstandar›ÿp¹d‘Qadeviation“quote˜d‘Qaher˜e“is“that‘Qaof“the“unâFILTERæe˜d–Qaimage,‘kat“the–Qbpixel“sc˜ale¹.‘+ÿHence,Ž¡on–Þimages›ßwith“white˜Gaussian“bac²!kground˜noise“for“instance,‘ =a“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™THRESH‘ƹof“3Ý:¹0˜will“bMÞeŽ¡close–7[to“optimš²!um“if“lo˜w-pass“âFILTER¹ing“is“turned“o,‘Mbut“sub-optim˜um“(toMÞo“high)“if“it“is“on.‘¸ÙOnŽ¡the–Š]conš²!trary‘ÿe,‘øif‘Š\the“bac˜kground“noise›Š\of“the“image˜is“in²!trinsically“correlated˜from“pixel-to-pixel,Ž¡a–ƒˆâDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™THRESH‘ƒ€¹of›ƒ‰3Ý:¹0“(with“no˜âFILTER¹ing)“will˜bšMÞe“to˜o›ƒ‰lo²!w“and˜will“result˜in“a˜p•MÞo“or‘ƒˆreliabilit²!yŽ¡of–¦fthe“extracted“catalogue.ަTw•²!o›nn“um“b•MÞers˜can˜b“e˜giv•²!en˜as˜argumen“ts˜to˜âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™THRESH¹,˜in˜whic“h˜case˜the˜rst˜one˜isŽ¡in²!terpreted–Âzas›Â{an“absolute“threshold˜in“units˜of“\magnitudes“pMÞer˜square-arcsecond",‘       and“theŽ¡second–¦fas“a“zero-pMÞoin²!t“in“the“same“units.ަ‘ú†fïcolor push  Blackï      color popŽŽâDETECT_THRESH‘¿ª27.2,30.0ަ¹will–¦ffor“example“set“the“threshold“at“10Ÿü¾ÒÎ0Ð:Î4(27Ð:Î2ÒÎ30)Ž‘9Ù¹=‘
the˜m²!ulti-thresholding“algorithm˜emplo²!ys“aŽ¡mš²!ultiple–æisophotal‘åanalysis“tec˜hnique›åsimilar“to˜those“in˜use“at˜the“APM‘'and˜the“COSMOS‘Àma-Ž¡cš²!hines‘íæïps:SDict begin H.S endBeard–¦fet“al.ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïyps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.beard:al:1991) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘>OÝ(ïps:SDict begin H.S end1990ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïyps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.beard:al:1991) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘æh);‘+gin‘íåa–íærst“pass,‘Ìeac˜h“extracted›íåset“of“connected“pixels˜is“re-thresholdedŽ¡at–zÝN‘±¹levš²!els“linearly‘yor“expMÞonen˜tially‘yspaced“bMÞet˜w˜een›yits“primary˜extraction“threshold˜and“itsŽ¡pšMÞeak–3âv‘ÿdDalue.‘·±This“giv²!es‘3ãus“a“2-dimensional“\mo˜del"“of“the“ligh²!t‘3ãdistribution“within“the“ob‘›»ject(s),Ž¡whic²!h–ä©is›ä¨stored“in“the“form˜of“a“tree“structure“(g.–˜¥ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black6.3ï color popŽ‘
ýߟøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ýßïqps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (figure.6.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end).“Then–ä©the“algorithm˜goMÞes“do•²!wn“w“ards,Ž¡from–{the“tips“of‘{brancš²!hes“to“the“trunk,‘°Jand“decides“at“eac˜h“junction‘{whether“it“shall“extractŽ¡t•²!w“o–øø(or“more)›ø÷ob‘›»jects“or“con•²!tin“ue–øøits“w•²!a“y˜do“wn.‘Õ“T‘ÿeo–øømeet˜the“conditions“describMÞed“earlier,‘
œtheŽ¡folloš²!wing–Û¬simple‘Û«decision“criteria“are“adopted:‘Hhat“an˜y‘Û«junction“threshold“ÝtŸ¤zÐiŽ‘dÚ¹,‘èýan˜y“branc˜h‘Û«will“bMÞeŽ¡considered–¦fas“a“separate“compMÞonen²!t“ifŽ©i‹ïcolor push  Black‘èŠ(1)Ž‘æjï      color popŽŽ‘`the–…inš²!tegrated‘†pixel“in˜tensit˜y‘†(abMÞo˜v˜e“ÝtŸ¤zÐiŽ‘dÚ¹)›†of“the˜branc²!h“is˜greater“than˜a“certain˜fraction“ÝŸ¤zÐcŽŽ¡‘`¹of–¦fthe“total“in•²!tensit“y–¦fof“the“compMÞosite“ob‘›»ject;ŽŸ?«ïcolor push  Black‘èŠ(2)Ž‘æjï     color popŽŽ‘`condition–¦f(1)“is“vš²!eried“for“at“least“one“more“branc˜h“at“the“same“lev˜el“Ýi¹.ަNote›•that–”ideally‘ÿe,‘p condition“(1)˜is˜bMÞoth“
ux-˜and“scale-in•²!v‘ÿdDarian“t.‘       (iHo“w“ev“er˜for‘”fain“t,‘p p•MÞo“orlyŽ¡resolv²!ed–ob‘›»jects,‘%Xthe›eciency“of˜the“deblending˜is“limited˜mostly“b²!y˜seeing“and˜sampling.‘¨F‘ÿeromŽ¡the–­»analysis“of“bMÞoth›­¼small“and“extended“galaxy“images,‘ïa“compromise˜v‘ÿdDalue“for“the“con²!trastŽ¡parameter–ÃÍÝŸ¤zÐcŽ‘òEÞ“¹0.005“pro•²!v“ed–ÃÌto›ÃÍbMÞe“optim²!um.‘6This˜should˜normally“separate˜ob‘›»jects“with˜aŽ¡dierence–¦fin“magnitude“greater“than“Þ‘
§13Ý:¹18“ADUs“abšMÞo•²!v“e–¦fthe“lo˜cal“bac²!kground.ަâDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MINAREA‘Sï¹sets–Tthe“minim•²!um›Tn“um“bMÞer–Tof˜pixels“a“group˜should“ha•²!v“e˜to–Ttrigger˜a“detection.Ž¡Ob²!viously–ÈÏthis›ÈÎparameter“can“bMÞe“used˜just“likš²!e“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™THRESH‘ÈŹto“detect“only“brigh˜t‘ÈÎand“\big"Ž¡sources,‘\Ìor–to“increase“detection›reliabilit²!y‘ÿe.‘úIt“is˜ho•²!w“ev“er–more“tric²!ky“to˜manipulate“at“lo²!wŽ¡detection–UŒthresholds“bšMÞecause“of“the‘Ucomplex“in•²!terpla“y–UŒof“ob‘›»ject“top˜ology‘ÿe,‘ÁUnoise“correlationsŽ¡(including–m:those“induced“b²!y–m9ltering),‘xªand“sampling.‘ÊÏIn–m:most“cases‘m9it“is“therefore“recommendedŽ¡to–Okš²!eep“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MINAREA‘Nô¹at“a“small“v‘ÿdDalue,‘yMt˜ypically‘O 1“to“5“pixels,‘yMand“let“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™THRESH‘Nô¹andŽ¡the–¦flter“dene“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹'s“sensitivit²!y‘ÿe.ަâDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MAXAREA¹,–˜Con›˜Dthe“other˜hand,‘ÎJsets“the˜maximš²!um“n˜um˜bMÞer“of›˜Dpixels“a“group˜mš²!ust“ha˜v˜e‘˜Din“or-Ž¡der–nïto“trigger“a“detection.‘vThš²!us,‘­:this“parameter“ma˜y“bMÞe“used“in“conjunction“with“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MINAREAŽ¡¹in–ýgorder“to“detect“only‘ýfob‘›»jects“whose“size“is“within“a“certain“range.‘âßNote“that,‘'although“largeŽ¡ob‘›»jects–å7maš²!y“bMÞe“remo˜v˜ed“from“the“catalogue“b˜y“ltering“out“those“with“âISOAREAF‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™IMAGE‘å'¹largerŽ¡than–kMsome“threshold,‘œ‡these“detections“wš²!ould“still“appMÞear“in“the“c˜hec˜k-image.‘,“If“it“is“requiredŽ¡that–6Tlarge“ob‘›»jects‘6UbšMÞe“not“presen²!t“in“it,‘ZPâDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MAXAREA‘6/¹should“b˜e“used“in‘6Uorder“to“eectiv²!elyŽ¡exclude–¦fthem“from“the“c•²!hec“k-image.–ÝÝSee›¦fg.“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black6.2ï   color popŽ‘
ýߟøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ýßïqps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (figure.6.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end˜for˜an˜example.ŽŸ¡Rïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.6.4) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¶ã6.4Ž‘$æcDeblendingŽŸ"R¹Eac²!h–i½time“an“ob‘›»ject“extraction“is“completed,‘ußthe“connected“set“of“pixels“passes“through“a‘ÓzlterŽ¡that–þštries›þ›to“split˜it“in•²!to˜ev“en“tual‘þšo“v“erlapping˜compMÞonen“ts.‘æzThis˜case–þšappMÞears˜more“frequen²!tlyŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤22Ž’Ç>|ï color popŽŽŒ‹ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.23) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» þR ÿ;óïcolor push  Black Äê
Ÿ½x‡‘sèïMPSfile="ps/detect_maxarea_example.ps" llx=14 lly=14 urx=735 ury=250 rwi=3968 ŽŽŸ™š¹Figure–³y6.2:‘øïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï   color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (figure.6.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endExample“of“ho²!w›³zthe“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MAXAREA‘³v¹parameter“can“bMÞe˜used“in“order“not˜to“detectޤ
™šob‘›»jects–fœlarger“than›fa“determined“n•²!um“bMÞer–fœof“pixels.‘ÈšæL‘ÿp¹eft¹:‘½øclose-up˜of“the“original“image.‘ÈšæCenter¹:Ž¡âOBJECTS‘yœ¹c•²!hec“k-image–yégenerated›yèwithout“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MAXAREA¹.˜æR¸\ight¹:‘GŸthe˜same“âOBJECTS‘yœ¹c•²!hec“k-image,Ž¡when–¦fgenerated“with“âDETECT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MAXAREA“¹=“100.ŽŽï      color popŽŸL!when–‘—the“eld“is“croš²!wded“or“when“the“detection“threshold“is“set“v˜ery“lo˜w.‘˜The“deblending“methoMÞdޤ
™šadopted–™vin›™uÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹,‘œis“based˜on“æmulti-thr‘ÿp¹esholding¹,‘œand˜wš²!orks“on“an˜y›™ukind“of˜ob‘›»ject;‘ÆbutŽ¡it–&'is“unable“to“deblend“compMÞonenš²!ts“that“are“so‘&(close“that“no“saddle“is“presen˜t“in“their“prole.Ž¡Ho•²!w“ev“er,‘mas–^°no“assumption“has›^±to“bMÞe“made“on“the˜shapMÞe“of“the“ob‘›»jects,‘mit“is˜pMÞerfectly“suited“forŽ¡galaxies–¦fas“w²!ell“as“for“high“galactic“latitude“stellar“elds.ŽŸJaT²!ypical–2ñproblematic›2òcases“for“deblending˜include“patc•²!h“y‘ÿe,‘–extended–2ñÛSc“¹galaxies˜(whicš²!h“m˜ustŽ¡bMÞe–7considered›8as“single“en²!tities),‘“Úand˜close“or“in²!teracting˜pairs“of“optically“fain²!t˜galaxies“(whic²!hŽ¡should–ïsbMÞe›ïrconsidered“as˜separate“ob‘›»jects).‘ áBasically‘ÿe,‘
§¹6.ŽŸJaThe–¹ªoutlying“pixels“with›¹«
ux“lo•²!w“er–¹ªthan“the“separation“thresholds“ha•²!v“e˜to–¹ªbšMÞe“reallo˜cated“toŽ¡the›Z³prop•MÞer‘Z²comp“onen²!ts˜of˜the–Z²merger.‘úÃT‘ÿeo˜do“so,‘‡Æw•²!e˜ha“v“e–Z²opted˜for“a˜æstatistic‘ÿp¹al˜¹approac²!h:‘FvatŽ¡eac•²!h›Èõfain“t˜pixel,‘јw“e˜compute˜the˜con“tribution˜expMÞected˜from˜eac“h˜sub-ob‘›»ject,‘јusing˜a˜biv‘ÿdDariateŽ¡Gaussian–Út“to“its“prole,‘:wand“then“derivš²!e“the“probabilit˜y“for“that“pixel“to“bMÞelong“to“the“sub-Ž¡ob‘›»ject.‘Ò¥F‘ÿeor–„¿instance,‘‹za“fainš²!t“pixel“lying‘„¾halfw˜a˜y“bMÞet˜w˜een“t˜w˜o“close“brigh˜t“stars‘„¾ha˜ving“the“sameŽ¡magnitude–will“bšMÞe“app˜ended“to“one“of“these“with‘equal“probabilities.‘ÑnOne“imp˜ortanš²!t“adv‘ÿdDan˜tageŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤24Ž’Ç>|ï      color popŽŽŒ‹<ëïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï	color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï       color popŽŽ ÃÝ» þœý{ þ¸$Êïcolor push  Black GÛ6Ÿ¤fd‘U[·ï?PSfile="ps/segment.ps" llx=30 lly=230 urx=590 ury=695 rwi=2834 ŽŽŸ™š¹Figure–ðâ6.3:‘rÔïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (figure.6.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end›ðáA‘ðsc²!hematic“diagram˜of“the“methoMÞd˜used“to˜deblend“a“compMÞosite˜ob‘›»ject.‘½PTheޤ
™šarea–Dvprole›Duof“the˜ob‘›»ject“(æsmo‘ÿp¹oth‘Ïcurve‘Ò¡¹)“can˜bšMÞe“describ˜ed›Duin“a˜tree-structured“w•²!a“y‘Dv(æthick‘Ïlines‘æ¹).Ž¡The–a¶decision“to“regard“or“not“a“branc²!h“as“a“distinct“ob‘›»ject“is“determined“according“to“itsŽ¡relativ•²!e›ibin“tegrated‘iain“tensit“y˜(ætinte–ÿp¹d‘²Çar“e“a‘×¹).‘ɇIn‘iathat˜case˜abMÞo•²!v“e,‘u–the–iaoriginal˜ob‘›»ject˜shall“split˜in²!toŽ¡t•²!w“o›<compMÞonen“ts˜A‘;ôand˜B.˜Remaining–<pixels˜are˜assigned˜to˜their“most˜credible˜\progenitors"Ž¡afterw²!ards.ŽŽï   color popŽŸof–®$this›®#tec²!hnique“is“that“the˜morphology“of“an²!y“ob‘›»ject˜is“completely“dened“simply˜through“itsޤ
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the˜m²!ulti-thresholding“algorithm˜emplo²!ys“aŽ¡mš²!ultiple–æisophotal‘åanalysis“tec˜hnique›åsimilar“to˜those“in˜use“at˜the“APM‘'and˜the“COSMOS‘Àma-Ž¡cš²!hines‘íæïps:SDict begin H.S endBeard–¦fet“al.ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïyps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.beard:al:1991) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘>OÝ(ïps:SDict begin H.S end1990ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïyps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.beard:al:1991) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘æh);‘+gin‘íåa–íærst“pass,‘Ìeac˜h“extracted›íåset“of“connected“pixels˜is“re-thresholdedŽ¡at–zÝN‘±¹levš²!els“linearly‘yor“expMÞonen˜tially‘yspaced“bMÞet˜w˜een›yits“primary˜extraction“threshold˜and“itsŽ¡pšMÞeak–3âv‘ÿdDalue.‘·±This“giv²!es‘3ãus“a“2-dimensional“\mo˜del"“of“the“ligh²!t‘3ãdistribution“within“the“ob‘›»ject(s),Ž¡whic²!h–ä©is›ä¨stored“in“the“form˜of“a“tree“structure“(g.–˜¥ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black6.3ï color popŽ‘
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ýßïqps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (figure.6.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end).“Then–ä©the“algorithm˜goMÞes“do•²!wn“w“ards,Ž¡from–{the“tips“of‘{brancš²!hes“to“the“trunk,‘°Jand“decides“at“eac˜h“junction‘{whether“it“shall“extractŽ¡t•²!w“o–øø(or“more)›ø÷ob‘›»jects“or“con•²!tin“ue–øøits“w•²!a“y˜do“wn.‘Õ“T‘ÿeo–øømeet˜the“conditions“describMÞed“earlier,‘
œtheŽ¡folloš²!wing–Û¬simple‘Û«decision“criteria“are“adopted:‘Hhat“an˜y‘Û«junction“threshold“ÝtŸ¤zÐiŽ‘dÚ¹,‘èýan˜y“branc˜h‘Û«will“bMÞeŽ¡considered–¦fas“a“separate“compMÞonen²!t“ifŽ©i‹ïcolor push  Black‘èŠ(1)Ž‘æjï      color popŽŽ‘`the–…inš²!tegrated‘†pixel“in˜tensit˜y‘†(abMÞo˜v˜e“ÝtŸ¤zÐiŽ‘dÚ¹)›†of“the˜branc²!h“is˜greater“than˜a“certain˜fraction“ÝŸ¤zÐcŽŽ¡‘`¹of–¦fthe“total“in•²!tensit“y–¦fof“the“compMÞosite“ob‘›»ject;ŽŸ?«ïcolor push  Black‘èŠ(2)Ž‘æjï     color popŽŽ‘`condition–¦f(1)“is“vš²!eried“for“at“least“one“more“branc˜h“at“the“same“lev˜el“Ýi¹.ަNote›•that–”ideally‘ÿe,‘p condition“(1)˜is˜bMÞoth“
ux-˜and“scale-in•²!v‘ÿdDarian“t.‘       (iHo“w“ev“er˜for‘”fain“t,‘p p•MÞo“orlyŽ¡resolv²!ed–ob‘›»jects,‘%Xthe›eciency“of˜the“deblending˜is“limited˜mostly“b²!y˜seeing“and˜sampling.‘¨F‘ÿeromŽ¡the–­»analysis“of“bMÞoth›­¼small“and“extended“galaxy“images,‘ïa“compromise˜v‘ÿdDalue“for“the“con²!trastŽ¡parameter–ÃÍÝŸ¤zÐcŽ‘òEÞ“¹0.005“pro•²!v“ed–ÃÌto›ÃÍbMÞe“optim²!um.‘6This˜should˜normally“separate˜ob‘›»jects“with˜aŽ¡dierence–¦fin“magnitude“greater“than“Þ‘
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ýßïqps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (figure.6.4) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end).“It–íis˜obš²!vious“that“m˜ultiple‘ìisophotal“tec˜hniquesŽ¡fail–qŸwhen“there“is“no“saddle‘qžpMÞoinš²!t“presen˜t“in“proles“(i.e.‘ÌFfor‘qždistance“bMÞet˜w˜een“stars“Ý<‘
§¹6.ŽŸJaThe–¹ªoutlying“pixels“with›¹«
ux“lo•²!w“er–¹ªthan“the“separation“thresholds“ha•²!v“e˜to–¹ªbšMÞe“reallo˜cated“toŽ¡the›Z³prop•MÞer‘Z²comp“onen²!ts˜of˜the–Z²merger.‘úÃT‘ÿeo˜do“so,‘‡Æw•²!e˜ha“v“e–Z²opted˜for“a˜æstatistic‘ÿp¹al˜¹approac²!h:‘FvatŽ¡eac•²!h›Èõfain“t˜pixel,‘јw“e˜compute˜the˜con“tribution˜expMÞected˜from˜eac“h˜sub-ob‘›»ject,‘јusing˜a˜biv‘ÿdDariateŽ¡Gaussian–Út“to“its“prole,‘:wand“then“derivš²!e“the“probabilit˜y“for“that“pixel“to“bMÞelong“to“the“sub-Ž¡ob‘›»ject.‘Ò¥F‘ÿeor–„¿instance,‘‹za“fainš²!t“pixel“lying‘„¾halfw˜a˜y“bMÞet˜w˜een“t˜w˜o“close“brigh˜t“stars‘„¾ha˜ving“the“sameŽ¡magnitude–will“bšMÞe“app˜ended“to“one“of“these“with‘equal“probabilities.‘ÑnOne“imp˜ortanš²!t“adv‘ÿdDan˜tageŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤23Ž’Ç>|ï      color popŽŽŒ‹.µïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.24) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» þœý{ þ¸$Êïcolor push  Black GÛ6Ÿ¤fd‘U[·ï?PSfile="ps/segment.ps" llx=30 lly=230 urx=590 ury=695 rwi=2834 ŽŽŸ™š¹Figure–ðâ6.3:‘rÔïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (figure.6.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end›ðáA‘ðsc²!hematic“diagram˜of“the“methoMÞd˜used“to˜deblend“a“compMÞosite˜ob‘›»ject.‘½PTheޤ
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ýßïqps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (figure.6.4) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end).“It–íis˜obš²!vious“that“m˜ultiple‘ìisophotal“tec˜hniquesŽ¡fail–qŸwhen“there“is“no“saddle‘qžpMÞoinš²!t“presen˜t“in“proles“(i.e.‘ÌFfor‘qždistance“bMÞet˜w˜een“stars“Ý<‘
§¹0Ý:¹2“mag˜and“a“shift“of˜the“cen²!troidŽ¡(Þ‘—¹0Ý:¹4›ú¬pixels)–ú­for“the“fain²!ter“star“in“the˜vš²!ery“w˜orst“cases,‘¿but“no‘ú¬other“systematic“eects“w˜ereŽ¡noticeable.ަThe–A‘user›A’can“con²!trol˜the“m²!ulti-thresholding˜opMÞeration“through˜3“parameters.‘¯`The“rst˜one“isŽ¡the›¹n•²!um“bMÞer–¹of˜deblending˜thresholds˜(âDEBLEND‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™NTHRESH¹).“A‘¸Ógo•MÞo“d˜v–ÿdDalue‘¹is˜32.‘úHigher˜v“aluesŽ¡are–cGgenerally“useless,‘’except‘cFpMÞerhaps“for“images“haš²!ving“an“un˜usually“high“dynamic‘cFrange.‘€InŽ¡case–æáof“memory›æâproblems,‘÷decreasing“the“n•²!um“bMÞer–æáof“thresholds˜to“saš²!y‘ÿe,‘÷8“or“ev˜en“less‘æâma˜y“bMÞe“aŽ¡solution.‘ÌûBut–Kpthen,›t²of“course,˜a“degradation“of“the“deblending“pšMÞerformances“ma²!y“o˜ccur.‘ÌûTheŽ¡second–®Hparameter›®Iis“the“con²!trast˜parameter“(âDEBLEND‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MINCONT¹).“As˜describšMÞed“ab˜o•²!v“e,‘ßèv‘ÿdDalues‘®HfromŽ¡0.001–to“0.01“givš²!e“the“bMÞest“results.‘ÖjPutting“âDEBLEND‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MINCONT‘¹to“0“means“that“ev˜en“the“fain˜testŽ¡lo•MÞcal›±Ep“eaks–±Fin˜the“prole˜will“bMÞe˜considered“as˜separate˜ob‘›»jects.‘þ|Putting˜it“to˜1“means˜thatŽ¡no–Qªdeblending›Q«will“bMÞe˜authorized.‘ߪThe˜last“parameter˜concerns“the˜kind“of˜scale“used˜for“theŽ¡thresholds.‘ú!If–(the›'image“comes˜from“photographic˜material,‘Øthen˜a“linear˜scale“has˜to“bMÞe˜usedŽ¡(âDETECTION‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘¿ªPHOTO¹).–,¨Otherwise,‘Efor“an“image“obtained“with›,©a“linear“device“lik²!e˜a“CCD,“anŽ¡expMÞonen²!tial–¦fscale“is“more“appropriate“(âDETECTION‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘¿ªCCD¹).ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤25Ž’Ç>|ï color popŽŽŒ‹Rçïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ÿQ8A þ²±Äïcolor push  Black MN< ÿ`‘U[·ïAPSfile="ps/sepsim_pos.ps" llx=60 lly=80 urx=410 ury=210 rwi=2834 ŽŽŸw¯ý‘U[·ïAPSfile="ps/sepsim_mag.ps" llx=60 lly=60 urx=410 ury=206 rwi=2834 ŽŽŸ™š¹Figure–[$6.4:‘¸<ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï       color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (figure.6.4) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end“Cen²!troid›[%and“corrected“isophotal‘¶Hmagnitude“errors“for˜a“sim²!ulated“19Ÿü¾ÐthŽ‘Òß¹magnitudeޤ
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§¹0Ý:¹2“mag˜and“a“shift“of˜the“cen²!troidŽ¡(Þ‘—¹0Ý:¹4›ú¬pixels)–ú­for“the“fain²!ter“star“in“the˜vš²!ery“w˜orst“cases,‘¿but“no‘ú¬other“systematic“eects“w˜ereŽ¡noticeable.ަThe–A‘user›A’can“con²!trol˜the“m²!ulti-thresholding˜opMÞeration“through˜3“parameters.‘¯`The“rst˜one“isŽ¡the›¹n•²!um“bMÞer–¹of˜deblending˜thresholds˜(âDEBLEND‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™NTHRESH¹).“A‘¸Ógo•MÞo“d˜v–ÿdDalue‘¹is˜32.‘úHigher˜v“aluesŽ¡are–cGgenerally“useless,‘’except‘cFpMÞerhaps“for“images“haš²!ving“an“un˜usually“high“dynamic‘cFrange.‘€InŽ¡case–æáof“memory›æâproblems,‘÷decreasing“the“n•²!um“bMÞer–æáof“thresholds˜to“saš²!y‘ÿe,‘÷8“or“ev˜en“less‘æâma˜y“bMÞe“aŽ¡solution.‘ÌûBut–Kpthen,›t²of“course,˜a“degradation“of“the“deblending“pšMÞerformances“ma²!y“o˜ccur.‘ÌûTheŽ¡second–®Hparameter›®Iis“the“con²!trast˜parameter“(âDEBLEND‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MINCONT¹).“As˜describšMÞed“ab˜o•²!v“e,‘ßèv‘ÿdDalues‘®HfromŽ¡0.001–to“0.01“givš²!e“the“bMÞest“results.‘ÖjPutting“âDEBLEND‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MINCONT‘¹to“0“means“that“ev˜en“the“fain˜testŽ¡lo•MÞcal›±Ep“eaks–±Fin˜the“prole˜will“bMÞe˜considered“as˜separate˜ob‘›»jects.‘þ|Putting˜it“to˜1“means˜thatŽ¡no–Qªdeblending›Q«will“bMÞe˜authorized.‘ߪThe˜last“parameter˜concerns“the˜kind“of˜scale“used˜for“theŽ¡thresholds.‘ú!If–(the›'image“comes˜from“photographic˜material,‘Øthen˜a“linear˜scale“has˜to“bMÞe˜usedŽ¡(âDETECTION‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘¿ªPHOTO¹).–,¨Otherwise,‘Efor“an“image“obtained“with›,©a“linear“device“lik²!e˜a“CCD,“anŽ¡expMÞonen²!tial–¦fscale“is“more“appropriate“(âDETECTION‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘¿ªCCD¹).ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤24Ž’Ç>|ï color popŽŽŒ‹D±ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ÿQ8A þ²±Äïcolor push  Black MN< ÿ`‘U[·ïAPSfile="ps/sepsim_pos.ps" llx=60 lly=80 urx=410 ury=210 rwi=2834 ŽŽŸw¯ý‘U[·ïAPSfile="ps/sepsim_mag.ps" llx=60 lly=60 urx=410 ury=206 rwi=2834 ŽŽŸ™š¹Figure–[$6.4:‘¸<ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï       color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (figure.6.4) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end“Cen²!troid›[%and“corrected“isophotal‘¶Hmagnitude“errors“for˜a“sim²!ulated“19Ÿü¾ÐthŽ‘Òß¹magnitudeޤ
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”üÝ:ŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.23)ï       color popŽŽŽŸ¤ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïUps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.11.1.8) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸëH11.1.8Ž‘0P osition›errors:‘@ëQERRX2ëH,–LÍëQERRY2ëH,“ëQERRXYëH,˜ëQERRAëH,˜ëQERRBëH,˜ëQERRTHETAëH,˜ëQERRCXXëH,˜ëQERRCYYëH,ŽŸ‘0ëQERRCXYŽŸ\ƹUncertainš²!ties–šVon“the“pMÞosition‘šUof“the“barycen˜ter“can“bMÞe“estimated“using“photon‘šUstatistics.‘¹­Ofޤ
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b!Ÿë@ì‰p ›âŸ¿ŸðuŽŸø—ž‘       B¬¹v‘ÿdDarŽ‘1ï(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B¹)–nìÞ“¹v‘ÿdDarŽ‘^/(Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNÝyŽŽ‘Âî¹)Ž‘      B¬Ÿ㦉p HN9Ÿ
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—‘!jP2ŽŽŽŽ‘RÄŸðußŽŽ‘ZÓ‘ŸóJÎ2Ž‘b¹+‘nìco²!vŽ‘fìŸüÖ0Î2Ž‘&ð¹(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B;‘Ó1Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNyŽŽ‘–¹)ŽŽŽ’¨wÝ;ŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.29)ï   color popŽŽŽŸIB‘-ø¢tanŽ‘=ɵ(2âERRTHETAŽ‘-ýP¹)ŽŽ’ƒÄå=ŽŽ’–I+2Ÿø—ž‘}ëco²!vŽ‘"uë(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B;‘Ó1Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNyŽŽ‘–¹)Ž‘dŸ㦉p HN9Ÿ
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b!Ÿë@ì‰p ›âŸ¿ŸðuŽŸø—ž‘       B¬¹v‘ÿdDarŽ‘1ï(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B¹)–nìÞ“¹v‘ÿdDarŽ‘^/(Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNÝyŽŽ‘Âî¹)Ž‘      B¬Ÿ㦉p HN9Ÿ
—v‘ÿdDarŽ‘ïC(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B¹)–nìÞ“¹v‘ÿdDarŽ‘^/(Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNÝyŽŽ‘Âî¹)ŽŽŽŽ‘L‡ÐÝ:ŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.30)ï        color popŽŽŽŸO€And–¦fthe“ellipse“parameters“are:ŽŸKî‘&çïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.31) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endâERRCXXŽŽŽ‘R~ã¹=ŽŽŸø—ž‘f6\cosŽ‘t߉Ÿü¾Î2Ž‘{r¾âERRTHETAŽŽ‘f6\Ÿ㦉p C9²Ÿ
—‘!jP2ŽŽŽŽ‘RÄŸðußŽŽ‘ZÓ‘ŸóJÎ2Ž‘b¹+‘nìco²!vŽ‘fìŸüÖ0Î2Ž‘&ð¹(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B;‘Ó1Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNyŽŽ‘–¹)ŽŽŽ’¨wÝ;ŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.29)ï   color popŽŽŽŸIB‘-ø¢tanŽ‘=ɵ(2âERRTHETAŽ‘-ýP¹)ŽŽ’ƒÄå=ŽŽ’–I+2Ÿø—ž‘}ëco²!vŽ‘"uë(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B;‘Ó1Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNyŽŽ‘–¹)Ž‘dŸ㦉p HN9Ÿ
—‘½ƒERRAŽ‘*¼+ŸüyšÎ2ŽŽŽŽŽ’­-¹+Ÿø—ž‘¢sinŽ‘ÕŸûÚ‡Î2Ž‘§
—v‘ÿdDarŽ‘ïC(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B¹)–nìÞ“¹v‘ÿdDarŽ‘^/(Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNÝyŽŽ‘Âî¹)ŽŽŽŽ‘L‡ÐÝ:ŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.30)ï        color popŽŽŽŸO€And–¦fthe“ellipse“parameters“are:ŽŸKî‘&çïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.31) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endâERRCXXŽŽŽ‘R~ã¹=ŽŽŸø—ž‘f6\cosŽ‘t߉Ÿü¾Î2Ž‘{r¾âERRTHETAŽŽ‘f6\Ÿ㦉p C9²Ÿ
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—‘!ÈERRBŽ‘* pŸüyšÎ2ŽŽŽŽŽ‘Iâ4¹=Ÿø—ž‘=v‘ÿdDarŽ‘L
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Î)Ž‘½VŸà@‰p 4BŽŸKd‘E2ŽŽŽŽ‘=3ŸóØmßŽŽ‘C½:Ÿö’øÎ2Ž‘Jì*¹+‘nìco²!vŽ‘fìŸüÖ0Î2Ž‘&ð¹(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B;‘Ó1Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNyŽŽ‘–¹)ŽŽŽŽŽŽ’”bÍÝ;ŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.31)ï    color popŽŽŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤38Ž’Ç>|ï    color popŽŽŒ‹'+ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.39) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýe×ó‘&çâERRCYYŽŽŽ‘R~ã¹=ŽŽŸø—ž‘f6\sinŽ‘s¨ŸûÚ‡Î2Ž‘z;GâERRTHETAŽŽ‘f6\Ÿ㦉p B;Ÿ
Â(Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNÝyŽŽ‘Âî¹)Ž‘=ÚŸ㦉p ŽñÀŸãŸï½ßrŽ‘
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Î)Ž‘½VŸà@‰p 4BŽŸKd‘E2ŽŽŽŽ‘=3ŸóØmßŽŽ‘C½:Ÿö’øÎ2Ž‘Jì*¹+‘nìco²!vŽ‘fìŸüÖ0Î2Ž‘&ð¹(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B;‘Ó1Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNyŽŽ‘–¹)ŽŽŽŽŽŽ’”bÍÝ;ŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.31)ï    color popŽŽŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤37Ž’Ç>|ï    color popŽŽŒ‹&gïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï	color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.38) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï	color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýe×ó‘&çâERRCYYŽŽŽ‘R~ã¹=ŽŽŸø—ž‘f6\sinŽ‘s¨ŸûÚ‡Î2Ž‘z;GâERRTHETAŽŽ‘f6\Ÿ㦉p B;Ÿ
—‘½ƒERRBŽ‘*¼+ŸüyšÎ2ŽŽŽŽŽ‘K«¹=Ÿø—ž‘<Ûèv‘ÿdDarŽ‘KË+(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B¹)Ž‘=ÚŸ㦉p ŽñÀŸãŸï½ßrŽ‘
—‘!ÈERRAŽ‘* pŸüyšÎ2ŽŽŽŽŽ’«Ú¶¹+Ÿø—ž‘¢cosŽ‘KLŸü¾Î2Ž‘ÞâERRTHETAŽŽ‘¢Ÿ㦉p C9²Ÿ
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Î)Ž‘½VŸà@‰p 4BŽŸKd‘E2ŽŽŽŽ‘=3ŸóØmßŽŽ‘C½:Ÿö’øÎ2Ž‘Jì*¹+‘nìco²!vŽ‘fìŸüÖ0Î2Ž‘&ð¹(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B;‘Ó1Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNyŽŽ‘–¹)ŽŽŽŽŽŽ’”bÍÝ;ŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.32)ï    color popŽŽŽŸ-d.‘&çâERRCXYŽŽŽ‘R~ã¹=ŽŽ‘e)2‘Ó1cosŽ‘OâERRTHETAŽ‘CóA¹sinŽ‘S8(âERRTHETAŽ’ƒ©ŸðuߎŸø—ž’—mÞ¹1Ž’ŒKUŸ㦉p ¾¬Ÿ
—‘½ƒERRBŽ‘*¼+ŸüyšÎ2ŽŽŽŽŽ‘K«¹=Ÿø—ž‘<Ûèv‘ÿdDarŽ‘KË+(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B¹)Ž‘=ÚŸ㦉p ŽñÀŸãŸï½ßrŽ‘
—âERRAŽ‘þ¨ŸüyšÎ2ŽŽŽŽŽ’«¬ ÞŸø—ž‘Ĩ¹1Ž‘¢Ÿ㦉p ¾¬Ÿ
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Î)Ž‘½VŸà@‰p 4BŽŸKd‘E2ŽŽŽŽ‘=3ŸóØmßŽŽ‘C½:Ÿö’øÎ2Ž‘Jì*¹+‘nìco²!vŽ‘fìŸüÖ0Î2Ž‘&ð¹(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B;‘Ó1Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNyŽŽ‘–¹)ŽŽŽŽŽŽ’”bÍÝ;ŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.32)ï    color popŽŽŽŸ-d.‘&çâERRCXYŽŽŽ‘R~ã¹=ŽŽ‘e)2‘Ó1cosŽ‘OâERRTHETAŽ‘CóA¹sinŽ‘S8(âERRTHETAŽ’ƒ©ŸðuߎŸø—ž’—mÞ¹1Ž’ŒKUŸ㦉p ¾¬Ÿ
—âERRBŽ‘þ¨ŸüyšÎ2ŽŽŽŽŽ‘ “þŸðußŽŽŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.33)ï    color popŽŽŽŸÜ‘R~ã=ŽŽ‘e)Þ¹2Ÿø—ž‘5ϯco²!vŽ‘Eǯ(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B;‘Ó1Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNyŽŽ‘–¹)Ž‘dŸ㦉p ŽñÀŸãŸï½ßrŽ‘
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Î)Ž‘½VŸà@‰p 4BŽŸKd‘E2ŽŽŽŽ‘=3ŸóØmßŽŽ‘C½:Ÿö’øÎ2Ž‘Jì*¹+‘nìco²!vŽ‘fìŸüÖ0Î2Ž‘&ð¹(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B;‘Ó1Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNyŽŽ‘–¹)ŽŽŽŽŽŽ’“+WÝ:ŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.34)ï    color popŽŽŽŸ(Öïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïUps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.11.1.9) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸëH11.1.9Ž‘0Handling–€of“\innitely“thin"“detectionsŽŸ\ƹApart–wzfrom›w{the“mathematical“singularities˜that“can˜bMÞe“found“in˜some“of“the˜abMÞo•²!v“e‘wzequationsޤ
™šdescribing–ÖæshapMÞe“parameters‘Öç(and“whic²!h“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹handles,‘fof“course),‘gsome“detections“withŽ¡v²!ery›üsp•MÞecic‘ûshap“es˜ma•²!y˜yield‘ûquite˜unph“ysical˜parameters,‘ánamely˜n“ull–ûv‘ÿdDalues˜for˜âB¹,“âERRB¹,˜orŽ¡evš²!en–÷ÆâA‘÷›¹and“âERRA¹.“Suc˜h›÷Çdetections“include˜single-pixel“ob‘›»jects˜and“horizon•²!tal,‘³v“ertical˜or‘÷ÆdiagonalŽ¡lines–¡whicš²!h“are“1-pixel“wide.‘¦ðThey“will“generally“originate“from‘Bglitc˜hes;‘8but“v˜ery“undersampledŽ¡and/or–¦floš²!w“S/N“gen˜uine“sources“ma˜y“also“proMÞduce“suc˜h“shapMÞes.Ž©JaF‘ÿeor–3Ubasic“shapMÞe“parameters,‘V‘the“folloš²!wing“con˜v˜en˜tion“w˜as“adopted:‘÷»if“the“ligh˜t“distribution“ofŽ¡the–O4ob‘›»ject“falls“on“one“single“pixel,›`¥or“lies“on“a“sucien²!tly“thin“line“of“pixels,˜whicš²!h“w˜e“translateŽ¡mathematically‘¦fb²!yŽ¡’¹ï(ïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ’¹ï(Ÿö]ý‰p Ÿ    ¢ÝxŸüÖ0Î2ŽŽŽ’ÆÄxŸö]ý‰p
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Î)Ž‘½VŸà@‰p 4BŽŸKd‘E2ŽŽŽŽ‘=3ŸóØmßŽŽ‘C½:Ÿö’øÎ2Ž‘Jì*¹+‘nìco²!vŽ‘fìŸüÖ0Î2Ž‘&ð¹(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ‘B;‘Ó1Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNyŽŽ‘–¹)ŽŽŽŽŽŽ’“+WÝ:ŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.34)ï    color popŽŽŽŸ(Öïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïUps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.11.1.9) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸëH11.1.9Ž‘0Handling–€of“\innitely“thin"“detectionsŽŸ\ƹApart–wzfrom›w{the“mathematical“singularities˜that“can˜bMÞe“found“in˜some“of“the˜abMÞo•²!v“e‘wzequationsޤ
™šdescribing–ÖæshapMÞe“parameters‘Öç(and“whic²!h“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹handles,‘fof“course),‘gsome“detections“withŽ¡v²!ery›üsp•MÞecic‘ûshap“es˜ma•²!y˜yield‘ûquite˜unph“ysical˜parameters,‘ánamely˜n“ull–ûv‘ÿdDalues˜for˜âB¹,“âERRB¹,˜orŽ¡evš²!en–÷ÆâA‘÷›¹and“âERRA¹.“Suc˜h›÷Çdetections“include˜single-pixel“ob‘›»jects˜and“horizon•²!tal,‘³v“ertical˜or‘÷ÆdiagonalŽ¡lines–¡whicš²!h“are“1-pixel“wide.‘¦ðThey“will“generally“originate“from‘Bglitc˜hes;‘8but“v˜ery“undersampledŽ¡and/or–¦floš²!w“S/N“gen˜uine“sources“ma˜y“also“proMÞduce“suc˜h“shapMÞes.Ž©JaF‘ÿeor–3Ubasic“shapMÞe“parameters,‘V‘the“folloš²!wing“con˜v˜en˜tion“w˜as“adopted:‘÷»if“the“ligh˜t“distribution“ofŽ¡the–O4ob‘›»ject“falls“on“one“single“pixel,›`¥or“lies“on“a“sucien²!tly“thin“line“of“pixels,˜whicš²!h“w˜e“translateŽ¡mathematically‘¦fb²!yŽ¡’¹ï(ïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ’¹ï(Ÿö]ý‰p Ÿ    ¢ÝxŸüÖ0Î2ŽŽŽ’ÆÄxŸö]ý‰p
§Ÿûz•Î2Ž‘ÀÝ;‘Ó1ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.35) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.35)ï     color popŽŽŽŸšthen‘yŸö]ý‰p Ÿ        ¢ÝxŸüÖ0Î2ŽŽŽ‘ô/¹and‘yŸö]ý‰p
‚òŸ     ¢Ýyd“ŸüÖ0Î2ŽŽŽ’Ó¶VÞ‘nìŸùø²‰p       ŸNÝxyŽŽ‘sõŸûz•Î2Ž‘> Ý<‘
‚òŸ     ¢Ýyd“ŸüÖ0Î2ŽŽŽ‘u¹are–yincremenš²!ted“b˜y“ݹ.‘UÃÜSExtraÁ´ctor‘y      ¹sets“Ý‘i³¹=‘i´1Ý=¹12,‘­°whic˜h‘y  is“the“v‘ÿdDariance“ofŽ¡a–>|1-dimensional›>}top-hat“distribution“with˜unit“width.‘¦ Therefore“1Ý=Ÿöñ"ÞpŽ‘         Ÿöñ"‰p
§Ÿûz•Î2Ž‘ÀÝ;‘Ó1ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.35) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.35)ï     color popŽŽŽŸšthen‘yŸö]ý‰p Ÿ        ¢ÝxŸüÖ0Î2ŽŽŽ‘ô/¹and‘yŸö]ý‰p
ó4Ÿ     Þ¹12ŽŽŽ‘Q±represen²!ts˜the“t²!ypicalŽ¡minor-axis–¦fv‘ÿdDalues“assigned“(in“pixels“units)“to“undersampled“sources“in“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹.ަP²!ositional–dæerrors›dåare“more˜dicult“to“handle,‘qÿas˜ob‘›»jects“with“v²!ery˜high“signal-to-noise˜can“yieldŽ¡extremely–]+small›]*pMÞosition“uncertain•²!ties,‘ŠÛjust˜lik“e–]+singular˜proles“do.‘*Therefore“ÜSExtraÁ´ctorŽ¡¹rst›¦fc•²!hec“ks˜that˜(ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11.35ï       color popŽ‘ñŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘ñïups:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (equation.11.35) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end)˜is˜true.‘ÝÝIf˜this˜is˜the˜case,˜a˜new˜test˜is˜conducted:ŽŸ™š’”$ïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ’”$v‘ÿdDarŽ’¢ýg(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ›B¹)‘Ó1v‘ÿdDarŽ‘Ât(Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNÝyŽŽ‘Âî¹)–nìÞ“¹co²!v‘ÿdDarŽ‘gÈŸûz•Î2Ž‘ '̹(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ˜;‘Ó1Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNyŽŽ‘–¹)–
‚òŸ     ¢Ýyd“ŸüÖ0Î2ŽŽŽ‘u¹are–yincremenš²!ted“b˜y“ݹ.‘UÃÜSExtraÁ´ctor‘y      ¹sets“Ý‘i³¹=‘i´1Ý=¹12,‘­°whic˜h‘y  is“the“v‘ÿdDariance“ofŽ¡a–>|1-dimensional›>}top-hat“distribution“with˜unit“width.‘¦ Therefore“1Ý=Ÿöñ"ÞpŽ‘         Ÿöñ"‰p
§Ý<“Ÿûz•Î2ŽŸ:jÐeŽŽ‘ÀÝ;‘Ó1ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.36) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.36)ï        color popŽŽŽŸ¯where–ù³ÝŸ¤zÐeŽ‘   k"¹is“arbitrarily“set“to‘ù²Ÿ÷!eߎ‘ þ€Ÿ÷É–PŽ‘qŸ<ÒÐiÒ2SŽ‘&+ôÝŸü¾d“Î2ŽŸ
ó4Ÿ     Þ¹12ŽŽŽ‘Q±represen²!ts˜the“t²!ypicalŽ¡minor-axis–¦fv‘ÿdDalues“assigned“(in“pixels“units)“to“undersampled“sources“in“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹.ަP²!ositional–dæerrors›dåare“more˜dicult“to“handle,‘qÿas˜ob‘›»jects“with“v²!ery˜high“signal-to-noise˜can“yieldŽ¡extremely–]+small›]*pMÞosition“uncertain•²!ties,‘ŠÛjust˜lik“e–]+singular˜proles“do.‘*Therefore“ÜSExtraÁ´ctorŽ¡¹rst›¦fc•²!hec“ks˜that˜(ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11.35ï       color popŽ‘ñŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘ñïups:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (equation.11.35) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end)˜is˜true.‘ÝÝIf˜this˜is˜the˜case,˜a˜new˜test˜is˜conducted:ŽŸ™š’”$ïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ’”$v‘ÿdDarŽ’¢ýg(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ›B¹)‘Ó1v‘ÿdDarŽ‘Ât(Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNÝyŽŽ‘Âî¹)–nìÞ“¹co²!v‘ÿdDarŽ‘gÈŸûz•Î2Ž‘ '̹(Ÿùø²‰p BŸNÝxŽŽ˜;‘Ó1Ÿùø²‰p ÂîŸNyŽŽ‘–¹)–
hÐiŽŽ‘$—Ÿ÷!eßŽŽ‘8jSÝ=‘Ó1Ÿ÷!eߎ‘×ÿŸ÷É–PŽ‘fðŸ<ÒÐiÒ2SŽ‘#sÝIŸ¤zÐiŽ‘dÚŸ÷!eßŽŽ‘0?YŸùÛðÎ2Ž‘4ÿ]¹.‘×ÄIf›ù²(ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11.36ï      color popŽ‘ñŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘ñïups:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (equation.11.36) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end)“is“true,‘N…then“Ÿö]ý‰p Ÿ       ¢ÝxŸüÖ0Î2ŽŽŽ‘õ…¹and˜Ÿö]ý‰p
§Ý<“Ÿûz•Î2ŽŸ:jÐeŽŽ‘ÀÝ;‘Ó1ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.36) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.36)ï        color popŽŽŽŸ¯where–ù³ÝŸ¤zÐeŽ‘   k"¹is“arbitrarily“set“to‘ù²Ÿ÷!eߎ‘ þ€Ÿ÷É–PŽ‘qŸ<ÒÐiÒ2SŽ‘&+ôÝŸü¾d“Î2ŽŸ
‚òŸ     ¢Ýyd“ŸüÖ0Î2ŽŽŽ‘vW¹areŽ¡incremen•²!ted›¦fb“y˜ÝŸ¤zÐeŽ‘qp¹.ŽŸ¡Rïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.11.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¶ã11.2Ž‘,ÿüWindo•ŒÌw“ed–ffps3ositional“parametersŽŸ"R¹Pš²!arameters–Œmeasured“within“an‘Œob‘›»ject's“isophotal“limit“are“sensitiv˜e“to“t˜w˜o‘Œmain“factors:‘©/1)Ž¡c²!hanges–&in›&~the“detection˜threshold,‘†„whic²!h“create˜a“v‘ÿdDariable˜bias“and˜2)“irregularities˜in“theŽ¡ob‘›»ject's–¦fisophotal“bMÞoundaries,“whicš²!h“act“as“additional“\noise"“in“the“measuremen˜ts.ަMeasuremen²!ts–*pMÞerformed›*through“a˜æwindow“¹function“(an˜æenvelop‘ÿp¹e¹)“do˜not“ha•²!v“e˜suc“h‘*dra“wbac“ks.Ž¡ÜSExtraÁ´ctor–*¹vš²!ersions‘)2.4“and“abMÞo˜v˜e‘)implemen˜t“\windo˜w˜ed"“v˜ersions›)for“most“of˜the“measure-Ž¡men²!ts–¦fdescribMÞed“in“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11.1ï      color popŽ‘wyŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘wyïsps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.11.1) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end:ŽŸ-—-Ÿáþ‘óKñ`y
hÐiŽŽ‘$—Ÿ÷!eßŽŽ‘8jSÝ=‘Ó1Ÿ÷!eߎ‘×ÿŸ÷É–PŽ‘fðŸ<ÒÐiÒ2SŽ‘#sÝIŸ¤zÐiŽ‘dÚŸ÷!eßŽŽ‘0?YŸùÛðÎ2Ž‘4ÿ]¹.‘×ÄIf›ù²(ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11.36ï      color popŽ‘ñŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘ñïups:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (equation.11.36) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end)“is“true,‘N…then“Ÿö]ý‰p Ÿ       ¢ÝxŸüÖ0Î2ŽŽŽ‘õ…¹and˜Ÿö]ý‰p
‚òŸ     ¢Ýyd“ŸüÖ0Î2ŽŽŽ‘vW¹areŽ¡incremen•²!ted›¦fb“y˜ÝŸ¤zÐeŽ‘qp¹.ŽŸ¡Rïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.11.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¶ã11.2Ž‘,ÿüWindo•ŒÌw“ed–ffps3ositional“parametersŽŸ"R¹Pš²!arameters–Œmeasured“within“an‘Œob‘›»ject's“isophotal“limit“are“sensitiv˜e“to“t˜w˜o‘Œmain“factors:‘©/1)Ž¡c²!hanges–&in›&~the“detection˜threshold,‘†„whic²!h“create˜a“v‘ÿdDariable˜bias“and˜2)“irregularities˜in“theŽ¡ob‘›»ject's–¦fisophotal“bMÞoundaries,“whicš²!h“act“as“additional“\noise"“in“the“measuremen˜ts.ަMeasuremen²!ts–*pMÞerformed›*through“a˜æwindow“¹function“(an˜æenvelop‘ÿp¹e¹)“do˜not“ha•²!v“e˜suc“h‘*dra“wbac“ks.Ž¡ÜSExtraÁ´ctor–*¹vš²!ersions‘)2.4“and“abMÞo˜v˜e‘)implemen˜t“\windo˜w˜ed"“v˜ersions›)for“most“of˜the“measure-Ž¡men²!ts–¦fdescribMÞed“in“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11.1ï      color popŽ‘wyŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘wyïsps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.11.1) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end:ŽŸ-—-Ÿáþ‘óKñ`y
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b%2.Ž‘æjï	color popŽŽ‘›‰ffsŽ‘ƒâJ2000–sÁ¹coMÞordinates:‘x“precession“corrections“are“applied‘sÂin“the“FK5“system“to“con•²!v“ert‘sÁtoŽ¡‘`J2000–¦fcoMÞordinates“if“necessary‘ÿe.ŽŸ¡ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïJps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Item.8) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end¦ïcolor push  Black‘
b%3.Ž‘æjï	color popŽŽ‘›‰ffsŽ‘ƒâB1950–jõ¹coMÞordinates:‘À$precession“corrections“are›jôcomputed“in“the“FK5˜system“and“transfor-Ž¡‘`mation–¦fto“B1950“is“applied.ŽŸJaT‘ÿeransformation–çto“J2000›æor“B1950“is“done˜without“taking“inš²!to“accoun˜t‘æpropMÞer“motions,‘ Gwhic˜hŽ¡are–¦fobš²!viously“unkno˜wn“for“the“detected“ob‘›»jects.‘ÝÝIn“bšMÞoth“cases,“ep˜o˜c²!h“2000.0“is“assumed.ŽŸJaHere–¦fis“a“list“of“catalogue“parameters“curren²!tly“suppšMÞorting“angular“co˜ordinates:ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤41Ž’Ç>|ï	color popŽŽŒ‹*‘„ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï	color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.42) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï	color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýš¤ŸÁÀ‘ÎImage‘ÕXparametersŽ’£'ˆW‘ÿJªorld‘ÕXparametersŽ’<9³Angular‘ÕXparametersŽŽ©@‰ffÁŠ«Ÿ¦d‘ëJX‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^IMAGEÎ,‘ÕXëJY‘‚މffŒÐŽ“IMAGEŽ’£'ˆX‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^WORLDÎ,‘ÕXëJY‘‚މffŒÐŽ“WORLDŽ’<9³ALPHA‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^SKYÎ,‘ÕXëJDELTA‘‚މffŒÐŽ“SKYŽŽ¤	ÿ’<9³ALPHA‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^J2000Î,‘ÕXëJDELTA‘‚މffŒÐŽ“J2000ŽŽ¡’<9³ALPHA‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^B1950Î,‘ÕXëJDELTA‘‚މffŒÐŽ“B1950ŽŽ¡‘XWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^IMAGEÎ,‘ÕXëJYWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ“IMAGEŽ’£'ˆXWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^WORLDÎ,‘ÕXëJYWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ“WORLDŽ’<9³ALPHAWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^SKYÎ,‘ÕXëJDELTAWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ“SKYŽŽ¡’<9³ALPHAWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^J2000Î,‘ÕXëJDELTAWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ“J2000ŽŽ¡’<9³ALPHAWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^B1950Î,‘ÕXëJDELTAWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ“B1950ŽŽ¡‘XPEAK‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^IMAGEÎ,‘ÕXëJYPEAK‘‚މffŒÐŽ“IMAGEŽ’£'ˆXPEAK‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^WORLDÎ,‘ÕXëJYPEAK‘‚މffŒÐŽ“WORLDŽ’<9³ALPHAPEAK‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^SKYÎ,‘ÕXëJDELTAPEAK‘‚މffŒÐŽ“SKYŽŽ¡’<9³ALPHAPEAK‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^J2000Î,‘ÕXëJDELTAPEAK‘‚މffŒÐŽ“J2000ŽŽ¡’<9³ALPHAPEAK‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^B1950Î,‘ÕXëJDELTAPEAK‘‚މffŒÐŽ“B1950ŽŽ¡‘X2‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^IMAGEÎ,›ÕXëJY2‘‚މffŒÐŽ“IMAGEÎ,˜ëJXY‘‚މffŒÐŽ“IMAGEŽ’£'ˆX2‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^WORLDÎ,›ÕXëJY2‘‚މffŒÐŽ“WORLDÎ,˜ëJXY‘‚މffŒÐŽ“WORLDŽŽ¡‘X2WIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^IMAGEÎ,›ÕXëJY2WIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ“IMAGEÎ,˜ëJXYWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ“IMAGEŽ’£'ˆX2WIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^WORLDÎ,›ÕXëJY2WIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ“WORLDÎ,˜ëJXYWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ“WORLDŽŽ¡‘CXX‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^IMAGEÎ,›ÕXëJCYY‘‚މffŒÐŽ“IMAGEÎ,˜ëJCXY‘‚މffŒÐŽ“IMAGEŽ’£'ˆCXX‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^WORLDÎ,›ÕXëJCYY‘‚މffŒÐŽ“WORLDÎ,˜ëJCXY‘‚މffŒÐŽ“WORLDŽŽ¡‘CXXWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^IMAGEÎ,ëJCYYWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ“IMAGEÎ,ëJCXYWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ“IMAGEŽ’£'ˆCXXWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ–^WORLDÎ,›ÕXëJCYYWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ“WORLDÎ,˜ëJCXYWIN‘‚މffŒÐŽ“WORLDŽŽ¦‰ffÁŠ«ŽŽŽŸOtÛTO–2BE“WRITTENŽ©£$ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïUps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.11.3.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ°ÇëH11.3.2Ž‘0Use–€of“the“FITS“k• eyw“ords–€for“astrometryŽŸ\ÆÛTO–2BE“WRITTENŽŸÐáïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.11.4) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ°Çã11.4Ž‘,ÿüPhotometryŽŸ"RÜSExtraÁ´ctor–Mѹhas›MÒcurren²!tly“the˜pMÞossibilit²!y“to˜compute“four“t²!ypMÞes˜of“magnitude:‘,´isophotal,ޤ
™šæc–ÿp¹orr“e“cte“d-isophotal¹,‘BÎxed-apMÞerture›)èand‘)çæadaptive-ap“ertur“e¹.‘´^F‘ÿeor˜all˜magnitudes,‘BÍan˜additiv²!e˜\zero-Ž¡pšMÞoin²!t"–Ï¡correction‘Ï¢can“b˜e“applied›Ï¢with“the“âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ZEROPOINT‘Ïk¹k•²!eyw“ord.‘–GNote–Ï¡that“for˜eac²!h“âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™XXXX¹,Ž¡a–Á:magnitude›Á;error“estimate“âMAGERR‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™XXXX¹,˜a“linear“âFLUX‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™XXXX‘Á¹measuremen²!t“and“its˜error“estimateŽ¡âFLUXERR‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™XXXX–¦f¹are“also“a²!v‘ÿdDailable.ަïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section*.8) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸJaÛIsophotal‘ïmagnitudes‘
ó5¹(âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ISOCOR¹)‘ú:can–úfbMÞe“considered“as“a“quic•²!k-and-dirt“y‘úfw“a“yŽ¡for–$ƒretrieving“the›$„fraction“of“
ux“lost˜b²!y“isophotal“magnitudes.‘²’Although“their“use˜is“no²!w“depre-Ž¡cated,‘.Dthey›;ha•²!v“e‘:bMÞeen˜k“ept˜in˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctor˜¹2.x˜and˜abMÞo“v“e˜for˜compatibilit“y˜with˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctorŽ¡¹1.‘^ÛIf›|w•²!e‘|mak“e˜the˜assumption˜that˜the˜in“tensit“y˜proles˜of˜the‘|fain“t˜ob‘›»jects˜recorded˜on˜theŽ¡plate–PAare“roughly“Gaussian‘PBbMÞecause“of“atmospheric“blurring,‘z¸then“the“fraction“Ý‘ŠQ¹=ŸûO;‘·…ÐIŸKÉÏisoŽŽ‘XñŸ,      ‰p 
¡:ŸKdÐIŸÏtotŽŽŽŽŽ‘}Ÿ¹of“theŽ¡total–¦f
ux“enclosed“within“a“particular“isophote“reads“(see“Maddo²!x“et“al.“1990):ŽŸAw’¦ã‘ïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ’¨¶ÂŸðuߎ’°Æ;¹1‘nìÞŸø—ž‘ÏŒ¹1Ž‘¢Ÿ㦉p ÔsŸ
ó5¹(âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ISO¹)‘k¬are›k¼computed–k»simply‘ÿe,‘wwusing“the˜detection“threshold˜as“theŽ¡lo•²!w“est‘¦fisophote.ŽŸÄ6ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section*.9) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ)PÛCorrected‘lÀisophotal‘lÁmagnitudes‘
—ÝŽŽŽŽ‘
ó5¹(âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ISOCOR¹)‘ú:can–úfbMÞe“considered“as“a“quic•²!k-and-dirt“y‘úfw“a“yŽ¡for–$ƒretrieving“the›$„fraction“of“
ux“lost˜b²!y“isophotal“magnitudes.‘²’Although“their“use˜is“no²!w“depre-Ž¡cated,‘.Dthey›;ha•²!v“e‘:bMÞeen˜k“ept˜in˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctor˜¹2.x˜and˜abMÞo“v“e˜for˜compatibilit“y˜with˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctorŽ¡¹1.‘^ÛIf›|w•²!e‘|mak“e˜the˜assumption˜that˜the˜in“tensit“y˜proles˜of˜the‘|fain“t˜ob‘›»jects˜recorded˜on˜theŽ¡plate–PAare“roughly“Gaussian‘PBbMÞecause“of“atmospheric“blurring,‘z¸then“the“fraction“Ý‘ŠQ¹=ŸûO;‘·…ÐIŸKÉÏisoŽŽ‘XñŸ,      ‰p 
¡:ŸKdÐIŸÏtotŽŽŽŽŽ‘}Ÿ¹of“theŽ¡total–¦f
ux“enclosed“within“a“particular“isophote“reads“(see“Maddo²!x“et“al.“1990):ŽŸAw’¦ã‘ïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ’¨¶ÂŸðuߎ’°Æ;¹1‘nìÞŸø—ž‘ÏŒ¹1Ž‘¢Ÿ㦉p ÔsŸ
©ÅŸðußŽŽ’Õ¿v¹lnŽ’Þßw(1–nìÞ“Ýd“¹)‘
—ÝŽŽŽŽ‘
§=Ÿø—ž‘âpÝA‘Ó1tŽ‘=ÚŸ㦉p G  Ÿ
©ÅŸðußŽŽ’Õ¿v¹lnŽ’Þßw(1–nìÞ“Ýd“¹)‘
—IŸ¤zÎisoŽŽŽŽŽ‘¸ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.47) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.47)ï   color popŽŽŽŸAzwhere–›lÝA“¹is››kthe“area“and“Ýt˜¹the“threshold“related“to˜this“isophote.‘Ú4Eq.‘Ú5(ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11.47ï      color popŽ‘ñŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘ñïups:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (equation.11.47) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end)˜is“not“analyticallyŽ¡in•²!v“ertible,‘Øbut›È\a‘È[go•MÞo“d˜appro²!ximation–È[to˜Ý‘,ï¹(error“Ý<‘íé¹10Ÿü¾ÒÎ2Ž‘$×¹for˜Ý‘R|>‘íè¹0Ý:¹4)˜can“bMÞe˜done“with˜theŽ¡second-order–¦fpMÞolynomial“t:ŽŸ¢ã’Œîˆïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ’ŒîˆÝ‘o:Þ‘
§=Ÿø—ž‘âpÝA‘Ó1tŽ‘=ÚŸ㦉p G  Ÿ
§¹1–nìÞ“¹0Ý:¹1961Ÿø—ž‘×ÉÝA‘Ó1tŽ‘33Ÿ㦉p G Ÿ
—IŸ¤zÎisoŽŽŽŽŽ‘¸ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.47) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.47)ï   color popŽŽŽŸAzwhere–›lÝA“¹is››kthe“area“and“Ýt˜¹the“threshold“related“to˜this“isophote.‘Ú4Eq.‘Ú5(ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11.47ï      color popŽ‘ñŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘ñïups:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (equation.11.47) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end)˜is“not“analyticallyŽ¡in•²!v“ertible,‘Øbut›È\a‘È[go•MÞo“d˜appro²!ximation–È[to˜Ý‘,ï¹(error“Ý<‘íé¹10Ÿü¾ÒÎ2Ž‘$×¹for˜Ý‘R|>‘íè¹0Ý:¹4)˜can“bMÞe˜done“with˜theŽ¡second-order–¦fpMÞolynomial“t:ŽŸ¢ã’Œîˆïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ’ŒîˆÝ‘o:Þ‘
—IŸ¤zÎisoŽŽŽŽŽ‘[Þ“¹0Ý:¹7512‘Ó1ŸðuߎŸø—ž‘ºsÝA‘Ó1tŽ‘ÝŸ㦉p G     Ÿ
§¹1–nìÞ“¹0Ý:¹1961Ÿø—ž‘×ÉÝA‘Ó1tŽ‘33Ÿ㦉p G Ÿ
—IŸ¤zÎisoŽŽŽŽŽ‘ŸðußŽŽ‘#Ÿ’ŸóJÎ2Ž‘*2Çïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.48) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.48)ï  color popŽŽŽŸ¥¾A–¦f\total"“magnitude“ÝmŸ¤zÎtotŽ‘â¹estimate“is“thenޤ=š’®KÂïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ’®KÂÝmŸ¤zÎtotŽ‘g#¹=‘
—IŸ¤zÎisoŽŽŽŽŽ‘[Þ“¹0Ý:¹7512‘Ó1ŸðuߎŸø—ž‘ºsÝA‘Ó1tŽ‘ÝŸ㦉p G     Ÿ
§ÝmŸ¤zÎisoŽ‘å·¹+‘nì2Ý:¹5‘Ó1logŽ‘Ë/Ýd“ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.49) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.49)ï   color popŽŽŽ¡Clearly–õ:this“cš²!heap“correction“w˜orks“bMÞest“with“stars;‘¤and“although“it“is“sho˜wn“to“giv˜e“tolerablyޤ
™šaccurate–“ðresults“with›“ñmost“disk“galaxies,‘—¡it“fails˜with“ellipticals“bMÞecause“of“the˜broader“wings“ofŽ¡their‘¦fproles.ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤43Ž’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽŒ‹,µ‘ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýU"Eïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section*.10) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸÛFixed-apY‹erture‘áXmagnitudes‘
—IŸ¤zÎisoŽŽŽŽŽ‘ŸðußŽŽ‘#Ÿ’ŸóJÎ2Ž‘*2Çïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.48) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.48)ï  color popŽŽŽŸ¥¾A–¦f\total"“magnitude“ÝmŸ¤zÎtotŽ‘â¹estimate“is“thenޤ=š’®KÂïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ’®KÂÝmŸ¤zÎtotŽ‘g#¹=‘
ó5¹(âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™APER¹)‘>=estimate–>ethe›>d
ux“abMÞo•²!v“e˜the‘>ebac“kground˜within‘>eaޤ
™šcircular–²apšMÞerture.‘«÷The“diameter‘³of“the“ap˜erture›³in“pixels˜(âPHOTOM‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™APERTURES¹)‘Œis“supplied˜b²!y“theŽ¡user–ÔH(in›ÔGfact“it“doMÞes˜not“need˜to“bMÞe“an˜inš²!teger“since“eac˜h›ÔG\normal"“pixel“is˜subMÞdivided“in˜5‘ƒÞ‘‚¹5Ž¡sub-pixels–¤bMÞefore›£measuring“the˜
ux“within˜the“apMÞerture).‘•If“âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™APER‘йis˜pro²!vided“as˜a“v²!ectorŽ¡âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™APER[Ýnâ]¹,–¦fat“least“Ýn“¹apšMÞertures“m²!ust“b˜e“sp˜ecied“with“âPHOTOM‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™APERTURES¹.ŽŸs–ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section*.11) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ)PÛAutomatic‘äapY‹erture‘ämagnitudes‘
§ÝmŸ¤zÎisoŽ‘å·¹+‘nì2Ý:¹5‘Ó1logŽ‘Ë/Ýd“ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.49) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.49)ï   color popŽŽŽ¡Clearly–õ:this“cš²!heap“correction“w˜orks“bMÞest“with“stars;‘¤and“although“it“is“sho˜wn“to“giv˜e“tolerablyޤ
™šaccurate–“ðresults“with›“ñmost“disk“galaxies,‘—¡it“fails˜with“ellipticals“bMÞecause“of“the˜broader“wings“ofŽ¡their‘¦fproles.ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤42Ž’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽŒ‹+§[ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.43) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýU"Eïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section*.10) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸÛFixed-apY‹erture‘áXmagnitudes‘
ó5¹(âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™AUTO¹)‘ƒ°pro²!vides–ƒùan‘ƒøestimate“of“the“\total“magnitude"Ž¡b•²!y›¯³in“tegrating˜the–¯´source˜
ux˜within˜an“adaptiv²!ely˜scaled˜apMÞerture.‘ùÅÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹'s˜automaticŽ¡apMÞerture–¦Áphotometry“routine›¦Àis“inspired“b²!y“Kron's“\rst˜momen²!t"“algorithm“(1980).‘Þí(1)“W‘ÿeeŽ¡dene–Ian“elliptical“apšMÞerture‘Iwhose“elongation“Ý“¹and“p˜osition“angle“Ý‘–õ¹are“dened“b²!y“secondŽ¡order–~lmomenš²!ts“of“the“ob‘›»ject's‘~kligh˜t“distribution.‘ЊThe“ellipse“is“scaled“to‘~kÝRŸ¤zÎmaxŽ‘QÖÝ:Ÿ¤zÎisoŽ‘
õ7¹(6ÝŸ¤zÎisoŽ‘
ó5¹(âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™APER¹)‘>=estimate–>ethe›>d
ux“abMÞo•²!v“e˜the‘>ebac“kground˜within‘>eaޤ
™šcircular–²apšMÞerture.‘«÷The“diameter‘³of“the“ap˜erture›³in“pixels˜(âPHOTOM‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™APERTURES¹)‘Œis“supplied˜b²!y“theŽ¡user–ÔH(in›ÔGfact“it“doMÞes˜not“need˜to“bMÞe“an˜inš²!teger“since“eac˜h›ÔG\normal"“pixel“is˜subMÞdivided“in˜5‘ƒÞ‘‚¹5Ž¡sub-pixels–¤bMÞefore›£measuring“the˜
ux“within˜the“apMÞerture).‘•If“âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™APER‘йis˜pro²!vided“as˜a“v²!ectorŽ¡âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™APER[Ýnâ]¹,–¦fat“least“Ýn“¹apšMÞertures“m²!ust“b˜e“sp˜ecied“with“âPHOTOM‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™APERTURES¹.ŽŸs–ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section*.11) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ)PÛAutomatic‘äapY‹erture‘ämagnitudes‘
v˹,‘†kwhic˜hŽ¡correspMÞonds–¾¬roughly›¾­to“2“isophotal“\radii").‘&°(2)“Within˜this“apMÞerture“w²!e“compute˜the“\rstŽ¡momen²!t":ŽŸžÌ’ÂUrïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ’ÂUrÝrŸ¤zÎ1Ž‘Ê«¹=Ÿø—ž‘=ÚŸ÷É–ßPŽ‘ŸüÝr‘!I‘Ûø¹(ÝrMÞ¹)Ž‘=ÚŸ㦉p 'âëŸ
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ux˜within˜an“adaptiv²!ely˜scaled˜apMÞerture.‘ùÅÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹'s˜automaticŽ¡apMÞerture–¦Áphotometry“routine›¦Àis“inspired“b²!y“Kron's“\rst˜momen²!t"“algorithm“(1980).‘Þí(1)“W‘ÿeeŽ¡dene–Ian“elliptical“apšMÞerture‘Iwhose“elongation“Ý“¹and“p˜osition“angle“Ý‘–õ¹are“dened“b²!y“secondŽ¡order–~lmomenš²!ts“of“the“ob‘›»ject's‘~kligh˜t“distribution.‘ЊThe“ellipse“is“scaled“to‘~kÝRŸ¤zÎmaxŽ‘QÖÝ:Ÿ¤zÎisoŽ‘
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—‘ˆàŸ÷É–ßPŽ‘ëÝI‘Ûø¹(ÝrMÞ¹)ŽŽŽŽ‘-Søïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.50) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black(11.50)ï        color popŽŽŽŸöKron–[(1980)“and‘[Infanš²!te“(1987)“ha˜v˜e“sho˜wn“that›[for“stars“and“galaxy˜proles“con•²!v“olv“ed‘[withŽ¡Gaussian–¿ôseeing,‘ÆXÞ‘5>¹90%“of“the“
ux“is“expšMÞected“to“lie“within“a“circular“ap˜erture“of“radius“ÝkX?rŸ¤zÎ1Ž‘ø¹ifŽ¡Ýk‘bæ¹=‘
v˹,‘†kwhic˜hŽ¡correspMÞonds–¾¬roughly›¾­to“2“isophotal“\radii").‘&°(2)“Within˜this“apMÞerture“w²!e“compute˜the“\rstŽ¡momen²!t":ŽŸžÌ’ÂUrïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ’ÂUrÝrŸ¤zÎ1Ž‘Ê«¹=Ÿø—ž‘=ÚŸ÷É–ßPŽ‘ŸüÝr‘!I‘Ûø¹(ÝrMÞ¹)Ž‘=ÚŸ㦉p 'âëŸ
§2,‘fµalmost›VÈindepMÞenden²!tly–VÉof“their˜magnitude.‘ÃSThis“picture“remains˜unc²!hanged“if˜w²!e“considerŽ¡an–,¹ellipse‘,ºwith“Ý‘Ó1kšX?rŸ¤zÎ1Ž‘ ì¾¹and“Ýk˜rŸ¤zÎ1Ž‘ÀÝ=›,º¹as“principal˜axes.‘      p×Ýk‘ín¹=‘•/2˜denes“a˜sort“of˜balance“bMÞet•²!w“eenŽ¡systematic–¿/and“random“errors.‘(7By“c²!hoMÞosing“a“larger“Ýk‘6ݹ=‘ÞŸ2Ý:¹5,‘athe‘¿.mean“fraction“of“
ux“lostŽ¡drops–ÈXfrom›ÈWabMÞout“10%˜to“6%.‘C±When“Signal˜to“Noise˜is“loš²!w,‘ÐÓit“ma˜y›ÈWappMÞear“that˜an“erroneouslyŽ¡small–ªñapMÞerture‘ªðis“takš²!en“b˜y›ªðthe“algorithm.‘ë}That's˜whš²!y“w˜e“ha˜v˜e›ªðto“bMÞound“the˜smallest“accessibleŽ¡apMÞerture›ϸto–Ï·ÝRŸ¤zÎminŽ‘zp¹(t²!ypically“ÝRŸ¤zÎminŽ‘ú<¹=‘O„3‘ŠxÞ‘Šw¹4‘Ó1ÝŸ¤zÎisoŽ‘
—‘ˆàŸ÷É–ßPŽ‘ëÝI‘Ûø¹(ÝrMÞ¹)ŽŽŽŽ‘-Søïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.50) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black(11.50)ï        color popŽŽŽŸöKron–[(1980)“and‘[Infanš²!te“(1987)“ha˜v˜e“sho˜wn“that›[for“stars“and“galaxy˜proles“con•²!v“olv“ed‘[withŽ¡Gaussian–¿ôseeing,‘ÆXÞ‘5>¹90%“of“the“
ux“is“expšMÞected“to“lie“within“a“circular“ap˜erture“of“radius“ÝkX?rŸ¤zÎ1Ž‘ø¹ifŽ¡Ýk‘bæ¹=‘
v˹).‘YÒThe“user˜has“full˜conš²!trol“o˜v˜er›ϸthe“parameters˜ÝkŽ¡¹and–ÜÝRŸ¤zÎminŽ‘†¼¹through“the“conguration›Üparameters“âPHOT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™AUTOPARAMS¹;“b²!y˜default,‘}âPHOT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™AUTOPARAMSŽ¡¹is–¦fset“to“â2.5,3.5¹.Ž £Ã þðá‘ïcolor push  Black oŸÊvf‘9ôïBPSfile="ps/simlostflux.ps" llx=50 lly=60 urx=560 ury=320 rwi=4252 ŽŽŸ™šFigure–.ž11.3:‘îMïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï      color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (figure.11.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end“Flux“lost“(expressed‘.as“a“mean“magnitude“dierence)“with“dierenš²!t“fain˜t-ob‘›»jectŽ¡photometry–{tec²!hniques“as“a‘zfunction“of“total“magnitude“(see“text).‘.Only“isolated“galaxies“(noŽ¡blends)–¦fof“the“simš²!ulations“ha˜v˜e“bMÞeen“considered.ŽŽï      color popŽŸFApMÞerture–Œ/magnitudes‘Œ0are“sensitivš²!e“to“cro˜wding.‘9In“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor‘Œ0¹1,‘Å¡âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™AUTO‘‹ô¹measuremen˜tsŽ¡wš²!ere–%²not“v˜ery‘%±robust“in“that“respMÞect.‘[ÀIt“w˜as“therefore“suggested“to“replace‘%±the“apMÞerture“mag-Ž¡nitude–æ™bš²!y“the“corrected-isophotal“one“when“an“ob‘›»ject“is‘æ˜toMÞo“close“to“its‘Í2neigh˜bMÞours“(2“isopho-ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤44Ž’Ç>|ï color popŽŽŒ‹-ÏÙïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.45) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E¹tal–‰ radii›‰for“instance).‘
§2,‘fµalmost›VÈindepMÞenden²!tly–VÉof“their˜magnitude.‘ÃSThis“picture“remains˜unc²!hanged“if˜w²!e“considerŽ¡an–,¹ellipse‘,ºwith“Ý‘Ó1kšX?rŸ¤zÎ1Ž‘ ì¾¹and“Ýk˜rŸ¤zÎ1Ž‘ÀÝ=›,º¹as“principal˜axes.‘      p×Ýk‘ín¹=‘•/2˜denes“a˜sort“of˜balance“bMÞet•²!w“eenŽ¡systematic–¿/and“random“errors.‘(7By“c²!hoMÞosing“a“larger“Ýk‘6ݹ=‘ÞŸ2Ý:¹5,‘athe‘¿.mean“fraction“of“
ux“lostŽ¡drops–ÈXfrom›ÈWabMÞout“10%˜to“6%.‘C±When“Signal˜to“Noise˜is“loš²!w,‘ÐÓit“ma˜y›ÈWappMÞear“that˜an“erroneouslyŽ¡small–ªñapMÞerture‘ªðis“takš²!en“b˜y›ªðthe“algorithm.‘ë}That's˜whš²!y“w˜e“ha˜v˜e›ªðto“bMÞound“the˜smallest“accessibleŽ¡apMÞerture›ϸto–Ï·ÝRŸ¤zÎminŽ‘zp¹(t²!ypically“ÝRŸ¤zÎminŽ‘ú<¹=‘O„3‘ŠxÞ‘Šw¹4‘Ó1ÝŸ¤zÎisoŽ‘
v˹).‘YÒThe“user˜has“full˜conš²!trol“o˜v˜er›ϸthe“parameters˜ÝkŽ¡¹and–ÜÝRŸ¤zÎminŽ‘†¼¹through“the“conguration›Üparameters“âPHOT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™AUTOPARAMS¹;“b²!y˜default,‘}âPHOT‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™AUTOPARAMSŽ¡¹is–¦fset“to“â2.5,3.5¹.Ž £Ã þðá‘ïcolor push  Black oŸÊvf‘9ôïBPSfile="ps/simlostflux.ps" llx=50 lly=60 urx=560 ury=320 rwi=4252 ŽŽŸ™šFigure–.ž11.3:‘îMïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï      color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (figure.11.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end“Flux“lost“(expressed‘.as“a“mean“magnitude“dierence)“with“dierenš²!t“fain˜t-ob‘›»jectŽ¡photometry–{tec²!hniques“as“a‘zfunction“of“total“magnitude“(see“text).‘.Only“isolated“galaxies“(noŽ¡blends)–¦fof“the“simš²!ulations“ha˜v˜e“bMÞeen“considered.ŽŽï      color popŽŸFApMÞerture–Œ/magnitudes‘Œ0are“sensitivš²!e“to“cro˜wding.‘9In“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor‘Œ0¹1,‘Å¡âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™AUTO‘‹ô¹measuremen˜tsŽ¡wš²!ere–%²not“v˜ery‘%±robust“in“that“respMÞect.‘[ÀIt“w˜as“therefore“suggested“to“replace‘%±the“apMÞerture“mag-Ž¡nitude–æ™bš²!y“the“corrected-isophotal“one“when“an“ob‘›»ject“is‘æ˜toMÞo“close“to“its‘Í2neigh˜bMÞours“(2“isopho-ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤43Ž’Ç>|ï color popŽŽŒ‹,Á£ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E¹tal–‰ radii›‰for“instance).‘
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U´¹)“spheroid“(bulge,“eq.“[ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11.56ï color popŽ‘ñŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘ñïups:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (equation.11.55) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end],“with“Ýn–
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™šinside–the›square“circumscribMÞed˜on“the˜ellipse“,‘+whose“dimension˜are“the˜quadratic“sum˜of“theŽ¡isophotal–¦fellipse“and“the“PSF.ŽŸJaThe–¦fmošMÞdels“that“can“b˜e“t“are:Ž©­†ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï        color popŽŽ‘`¹ExpMÞonen²!tial–¦fdisk“(eq.“[ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black12.1ï       color popŽ‘wyŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘wyïtps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (equation.12.1) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end])ޤôuïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï        color popŽŽ‘`¹de–¦fV‘ÿeaucouleurs“(ÝR¨Ÿü¾Î1Ð=Î4Ž‘
U´¹)“spheroid“(bulge,“eq.“[ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black12.2ï  color popŽ‘wyŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘wyïtps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (equation.12.1) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end],“with“Ýn–
§¹=“4)Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï     color popŽŽ‘`¹S²"‘úÔDersic–¦f(ÝR¨Ÿü¾Î1Ð=nŽ‘>¹)“spheroid“(bulge,“eq.“[ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11.56ï      color popŽ‘ñŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘ñïups:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (equation.11.55) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end])Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï  color popŽŽ‘`¹ExpMÞonen²!tial–¦fdisk“+“S²"‘úÔDersic“(ÝR¨Ÿü¾Î1Ð=nŽ‘>¹)“spheroid“(bulge)Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï        color popŽŽ‘`¹P•²!oin“t›¦fligh“t˜sourceަŸÈN‘{Ü¿ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.55) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¤zëJExpDiskŽ‘@¹(ÝR¨¹)ŽŽ’¼ïÂ=ŽŽ’Ït(0)‘Ó1expŽ‘aŸðuߎŸø—ž‘£»ÝRŽ‘£»Ÿ㦉p fŸ
§¹=“4)Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï     color popŽŽ‘`¹S²"‘úÔDersic–¦f(ÝR¨Ÿü¾Î1Ð=nŽ‘>¹)“spheroid“(bulge,“eq.“[ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black12.2ï       color popŽ‘wyŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘wyïtps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (equation.12.1) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end])ŽŸôvïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï        color popŽŽ‘`¹ExpMÞonen²!tial–¦fdisk“+“S²"‘úÔDersic“(ÝR¨Ÿü¾Î1Ð=nŽ‘>¹)“spheroid“(bulge)Ž¡ïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï        color popŽŽ‘`¹P•²!oin“t›¦fligh“t˜sourceަŸñ=‘{Ü¿ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïQps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.12.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¤zëJExpDiskŽ‘@¹(ÝR¨¹)ŽŽ’¼ïÂ=ŽŽ’Ït(0)‘Ó1expŽ‘aŸðuߎŸø—ž‘£»ÝRŽ‘£»Ÿ㦉p fŸ
—‘hŽŽŽŽ‘'=ŸðußŽŽŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.55)ï  color popŽŽŽŸ!·’€ÃŸ¤zëJSersicŽ‘¹(ÝR¨¹)ŽŽ’¼ïÂ=ŽŽ’Ït(0)‘Ó1expŽ‘aŸíF}ß"Ž‘ÄCÝb¹(Ýn¹)‘¦bŸðuߎŸø—ž‘òÝRŽ‘éŸ㦉p ÁàŸ
—‘hŽŽŽŽ‘'=ŸðußŽŽŽŽ’«B½ïcolor push  Black¹(12.1)ï   color popŽŽŽŸ!·’€ÃŸ¤zëJSersicŽ‘¹(ÝR¨¹)ŽŽ’¼ïÂ=ŽŽ’Ït(0)‘Ó1expŽ‘aŸíF}ß"Ž‘ÄCÝb¹(Ýn¹)‘¦bŸðuߎŸø—ž‘òÝRŽ‘éŸ㦉p ÁàŸ
—RŸ¤zÐeŽŽŽŽŽ‘Þ!ŸðußŽŽ‘"횟óJÎ1Ð=nŽ‘1òŸíF}ß#ŽŽŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.56)ï  color popŽŽŽŸ!Îwhere,–¦ffor“the“ïps:SDict begin H.S endSersicïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.sersic:1968) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘"Ä*(ïps:SDict begin H.S end1968ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.sersic:1968) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘æh)“moMÞdel,“Ýb¹(Ýn¹)“is“the“solution“ofޤ=’±†ïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ’±†2Ý
‘›»¹[2–Ó1Ýn;“b¹(Ýn¹)]–
—RŸ¤zÐeŽŽŽŽŽ‘Þ!ŸðußŽŽ‘"횟óJÎ1Ð=nŽ‘1òŸíF}ß#ŽŽŽŽ’«B½ïcolor push  Black¹(12.2)ï   color popŽŽŽŸ÷where,–¦ffor“the“ïps:SDict begin H.S endSersicïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.sersic:1968) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘"Ä*(ïps:SDict begin H.S end1968ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endïwps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.sersic:1968) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘æh)“moMÞdel,“Ýb¹(Ýn¹)“is“the“solution“ofޤª,’±†ïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ’±†2Ý
‘›»¹[2–Ó1Ýn;“b¹(Ýn¹)]–
§=“(2‘Ó1Ýn¹)ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.57) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black(11.57)ï    color popŽŽŽ¡An–¦faccurate“appro²!ximation“is“(ïps:SDict begin H.S endCiotti“&“Bertinïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endï~ps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.ciotti:bertin:1999) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘JZ,“ïps:SDict begin H.S end1999ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endï~ps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.ciotti:bertin:1999) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘ŒÎ)ŽŸS‘nÇOïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ‘nÇOÝb¹(Ýn¹)–
§=“(2‘Ó1Ýn¹)ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïQps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.12.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’«B½ïcolor push  Black(12.3)ï      color popŽŽŽ¡An–¦faccurate“appro²!ximation“is“(ïps:SDict begin H.S endCiotti“&“Bertinïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endï~ps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.ciotti:bertin:1999) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘JZ,“ïps:SDict begin H.S end1999ïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.L endï~ps:SDict begin [ /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.ciotti:bertin:1999) cvn /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Color [0 1 0] H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ‘ŒÎ)ŽŸDB‘nÇOïps:SDict begin H.S endŽ‘nÇOÝb¹(Ýn¹)–
§=“2–Ó1Ýn‘nìÞŸø—ž‘¢¹1Ž‘¢Ÿ㦉p yšŸ
§=“2–Ó1Ýn‘nìÞŸø—ž‘¢¹1Ž‘¢Ÿ㦉p yšŸ
—3ŽŽŽŽ‘½Ø+Ÿø—ž‘
Nœ4Ž‘¢Ÿ㦉p Ò“Ÿ
—3ŽŽŽŽ‘½Ø+Ÿø—ž‘
Nœ4Ž‘¢Ÿ㦉p Ò“Ÿ
—405“ÝnŽŽŽŽ‘ ѹ+Ÿø—ž‘kk46Ž‘¢Ÿ㦉p (…ËŸ
—405“ÝnŽŽŽŽ‘ ѹ+Ÿø—ž‘kk46Ž‘¢Ÿ㦉p (…ËŸ
—25515“ÝnŸüÖ0Î2ŽŽŽŽŽ‘/Ê      ¹+Ÿø—ž‘(8131Ž‘¢Ÿ㦉p 3xÿŸ
—25515“ÝnŸüÖ0Î2ŽŽŽŽŽ‘/Ê      ¹+Ÿø—ž‘(8131Ž‘¢Ÿ㦉p 3xÿŸ
—1148175“ÝnŸüÖ0Î3ŽŽŽŽŽ‘8NQïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.58) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’¥É#ïcolor push  Black¹(11.58)ï    color popŽŽŽŸ!Q«F‘ÿeor–?these›?moMÞdels,‘S½ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹can˜compute“
uxes“and˜magnitudes,‘S½as“w²!ell˜as“sizes˜(disk“scaleޤ
™šlength–÷nfor›÷othe“disks˜and“eectiv²!e“|˜pro‘›»jected“half-ligh²!t˜|“radii“for˜the“spheroids),‘mc²!haracteristicŽ¡surface–¦fmagnitudes,“and“S²"‘úÔDersic“index,“as“wš²!ell“as“their“uncertain˜ties.Ž©JaThe–ÜÜmoMÞdels›ÜÝare“concen²!tric˜(they“assume˜the“same˜cen²!ter)“and˜are“all˜con•²!v“olv“ed–ÜÜwith˜the“PSF,Ž¡giv•²!en›¦fb“y˜the˜.psf˜le,˜whic“h˜m“ust˜bMÞe˜determined˜b“y˜rst˜running˜ÜPSFEx¹.ަUnfortunately‘ÿe,‘Ýthe–žáS²"‘úÔDersic“prole‘žâis“vš²!ery“cusp˜y‘žâin“the“cen˜ter‘žâfor“Ýn–¨È>“¹2.‘ÇOT‘ÿeo–žáa˜v˜oid‘žâh˜uge“wingsŽ¡in–Û~the“FFTs“when“con•²!v“olving–Û~the“prole“with“the‘Û}PSF,“the“prole“is“split“bMÞet•²!w“een–Û~a“3rd“orderŽ¡pMÞolynomial,‘©t–¨“to›¨”the“outer˜part“of˜the“prole,‘©ÝI‘Ûø¹(ÝršMÞ¹)–H=“ÝIŸ¤zÎ0Ž‘0d¹+‘p`(Ýr˜=a¹)Ÿü¾Î3Ž‘À¹,‘©whic²!h–¨“has›¨”zero“rst˜and“2ndŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤45Ž’Ç>|ï        color popŽŽŒ‹.ôˆïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.46) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E¹deriv‘ÿdDativš²!e–›gat‘›hthe“cen˜ter,‘ši.e.‘Ú3a››hhomogeneous“core“on˜one“hand,‘šand˜a“residual“with˜nite“exten²!tޤ
™šon–¦fthe“other.Ž©JaF‘ÿeor–Ëqthe“t‘Ëpof“the“spheroid“compMÞonenš²!t,‘³the“apparen˜t‘Ëpellipticit˜y“allo˜w˜ed“is“tak˜en‘Ëpin“the“rangeŽ¡[0Ý:¹5Ý;‘Ó1¹2].‘™îThis–åobš²!viously“forbids“v˜ery‘å
at“spheroids“to“a˜v˜oid“confusion‘åwith“a“
attened“disk.‘™îByŽ¡alloš²!wing–ÙMellipticities“greater“than“unit˜y‘ÿe,‘RÜSExtraÁ´ctor‘ÙL¹a˜v˜oids“dic˜hotomies“of“pMÞosition“angle“whenŽ¡the–¦fellipticitš²!y“is“v˜ery“lo˜w.ަMošMÞdels–1are“measured“according“to“the“follo²!wing“table.‘ E>T‘ÿeable“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11.1ï   color popŽ‘wyŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘wyïqps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (table.11.1) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end“should“b˜e“in²!terpreted“asŽ „ÜΟ‰DCïcolor push  BlackŸv»½ŸšÞí‘U®ïcolor push  BlackT‘ÿeable–¦f11.1:‘ÝÝïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï     color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (table.11.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endWhicš²!h“parameters“trigger“whic˜h“moMÞdels“in“ts?ï color popŽŽ¡’Þ%¤ïcolor push  Blackï        color popŽŽŽŸ™š’…yeïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.11.59) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endDISK‘¦fonlyŽŽŽ’ÂlÞ!ŽŽ’×_J¹expMÞonen²!tial‘¦fdiskŽŽŽŽ¤™š‘f™íSPHER²!OID‘¦fonlyŽŽ’ÂlÞ!ŽŽ’×_J¹de–¦fV‘ÿeaucouleurs“(Ž’'ÃwÝn–
—1148175“ÝnŸüÖ0Î3ŽŽŽŽŽ‘8NQïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïQps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.12.4) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŽ’«B½ïcolor push  Black¹(12.4)ï      color popŽŽŽŸzšF‘ÿeor–?these›?moMÞdels,‘S½ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹can˜compute“
uxes“and˜magnitudes,‘S½as“w²!ell˜as“sizes˜(disk“scaleޤ
™šlength–÷nfor›÷othe“disks˜and“eectiv²!e“|˜pro‘›»jected“half-ligh²!t˜|“radii“for˜the“spheroids),‘mc²!haracteristicŽ¡surface–¦fmagnitudes,“and“S²"‘úÔDersic“index,“as“wš²!ell“as“their“uncertain˜ties.Ž©JaThe–ÜÜmoMÞdels›ÜÝare“concen²!tric˜(they“assume˜the“same˜cen²!ter)“and˜are“all˜con•²!v“olv“ed–ÜÜwith˜the“PSF,Ž¡giv•²!en›¦fb“y˜the˜.psf˜le,˜whic“h˜m“ust˜bMÞe˜determined˜b“y˜rst˜running˜ÜPSFEx¹.ަUnfortunately‘ÿe,‘Ýthe–žáS²"‘úÔDersic“prole‘žâis“vš²!ery“cusp˜y‘žâin“the“cen˜ter‘žâfor“Ýn–¨È>“¹2.‘ÇOT‘ÿeo–žáa˜v˜oid‘žâh˜uge“wingsŽ¡in–Û~the“FFTs“when“con•²!v“olving–Û~the“prole“with“the‘Û}PSF,“the“prole“is“split“bMÞet•²!w“een–Û~a“3rd“orderŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤47Ž’Ç>|ï color popŽŽŒ‹0
§¹=“4‘¦fS²"‘úÔDersic)ŽŽŽŽ¡‘w-§MODEL‘¦fonlyŽŽ’ÂlÞ!ŽŽ’×_J¹S²"‘úÔDersicŽŽŽŽ¡‘JÅSPHER²!OID–¦fand“DISKŽŽ’ÂlÞ!ŽŽ’×_J¹S²"‘úÔDersic–¦fspheroid“+“expMÞonen²!tial“diskŽŽŽŽï  color popŽŸx‰meaning–_that›`if“one˜of“the“parameters˜giv²!en“in˜the“parameter˜le“(e.g.‘¯†âdefault.param¹)“includesŽ¡the–
%ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.48) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E¹pMÞolynomial,‘©t–¨“to›¨”the“outer˜part“of˜the“prole,‘©ÝI‘Ûø¹(ÝršMÞ¹)–H=“ÝIŸ¤zÎ0Ž‘0d¹+‘p`(Ýr˜=a¹)Ÿü¾Î3Ž‘À¹,‘©whic²!h–¨“has›¨”zero“rst˜and“2ndޤ
™šderiv‘ÿdDativš²!e–›gat‘›hthe“cen˜ter,‘ši.e.‘Ú3a››hhomogeneous“core“on˜one“hand,‘šand˜a“residual“with˜nite“exten²!tŽ¡on–¦fthe“other.Ž©JaF‘ÿeor–Ëqthe“t‘Ëpof“the“spheroid“compMÞonenš²!t,‘³the“apparen˜t‘Ëpellipticit˜y“allo˜w˜ed“is“tak˜en‘Ëpin“the“rangeŽ¡[0Ý:¹5Ý;‘Ó1¹2].‘™îThis–åobš²!viously“forbids“v˜ery‘å
at“spheroids“to“a˜v˜oid“confusion‘åwith“a“
attened“disk.‘™îByŽ¡alloš²!wing–ÙMellipticities“greater“than“unit˜y‘ÿe,‘RÜSExtraÁ´ctor‘ÙL¹a˜v˜oids“dic˜hotomies“of“pMÞosition“angle“whenŽ¡the–¦fellipticitš²!y“is“v˜ery“lo˜w.ަMošMÞdels–1are“measured“according“to“the“follo²!wing“table.‘        E>T‘ÿeable“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black12.1ï   color popŽ‘wyŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘wyïqps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (table.12.1) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end“should“b˜e“in²!terpreted“asŽ „ÜΟ‰DCïcolor push  BlackŸv»½ŸšÞí‘U®ïcolor push  BlackT‘ÿeable–¦f12.1:‘ÝÝïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï     color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (table.12.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endWhicš²!h“parameters“trigger“whic˜h“moMÞdels“in“ts?ï color popŽŽ¡’Þ%¤ïcolor push  Blackï        color popŽŽŽŸ™š’…yeïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïQps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.12.5) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endDISK‘¦fonlyŽŽŽ’ÂlÞ!ŽŽ’×_J¹expMÞonen²!tial‘¦fdiskŽŽŽŽ¤™š‘f™íSPHER²!OID‘¦fonlyŽŽ’ÂlÞ!ŽŽ’×_J¹de–¦fV‘ÿeaucouleurs“(Ž’'ÃwÝn–
string›        on“the˜left“of˜the“arro²!w,‘a´the“moMÞdel˜to“the˜righ²!t“of˜the“arro²!w˜is“triggered.‘•F‘ÿeorŽ¡example,‘š½when–—Òincluding“parameters›—Óthat“con²!tain˜the“string“`MODEL',˜bMÞoth“galaxies˜and“starsŽ¡are–¦ft“with“con•²!v“olutions–¦fof“S²"‘úÔDersic“moMÞdels“with“the“PSF.ަSince–M›the“moMÞdel‘Mštting“in•²!v“olv“es›M›con“v“olution˜with˜the‘MšPSF,˜it˜is˜impMÞerativ“e‘Mšto˜launc“h˜ÜPSFExŽ¡¹bšMÞefore–¦flaunc²!hing“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹.‘ÝÝIn“practice,“the“sequence“of“op˜erations“is:ŽŸQØïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïJps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Item.9) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end¤ø‰ïcolor push  Black‘
b%1.Ž‘æjï       color popŽŽ‘`Run–¦fÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹to“prepare“ÜPSFEx¹;Ž©¡ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Item.10) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end¡ïcolor push  Black‘
b%2.Ž‘æjï    color popŽŽ‘`Run–¦fÜPSFEx“¹to“prepare“moMÞdel“ts“in“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹;ަïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Item.11) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end¡ïcolor push  Black‘
b%3.Ž‘æjï       color popŽŽ‘`Run–¦fÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹with“moMÞdel“t“parameters.ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤46Ž’Ç>|ï     color popŽŽŒ‹/æïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.47) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýU"Eïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (chapter.12) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ[°ÇäChapter‘Ç
§¹=“4‘¦fS²"‘úÔDersic)ŽŽŽŽ¡‘w-§MODEL‘¦fonlyŽŽ’ÂlÞ!ŽŽ’×_J¹S²"‘úÔDersicŽŽŽŽ¡‘JÅSPHER²!OID–¦fand“DISKŽŽ’ÂlÞ!ŽŽ’×_J¹S²"‘úÔDersic–¦fspheroid“+“expMÞonen²!tial“diskŽŽŽŽï  color popŽŸx‰meaning–_that›`if“one˜of“the“parameters˜giv²!en“in˜the“parameter˜le“(e.g.‘¯†âdefault.param¹)“includesŽ¡the–
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string›        on“the˜left“of˜the“arro²!w,‘a´the“moMÞdel˜to“the˜righ²!t“of˜the“arro²!w˜is“triggered.‘•F‘ÿeorŽ¡example,‘š½when–—Òincluding“parameters›—Óthat“con²!tain˜the“string“`MODEL',˜bMÞoth“galaxies˜and“starsŽ¡are–¦ft“with“con•²!v“olutions–¦fof“S²"‘úÔDersic“moMÞdels“with“the“PSF.ަSince–M›the“moMÞdel‘Mštting“in•²!v“olv“es›M›con“v“olution˜with˜the‘MšPSF,˜it˜is˜impMÞerativ“e‘Mšto˜launc“h˜ÜPSFExŽ¡¹bšMÞefore–¦flaunc²!hing“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor¹.‘ÝÝIn“practice,“the“sequence“of“op˜erations“is:ŽŸQØïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïJps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Item.9) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end¤ø‰ïcolor push  Black‘
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13ŽŸ7°ÇÚCross-iden‘ÿ8õtication‘       T{withinŽŸåSExtra‘ÿructorŽŸ;JaÜSExtraÁ´ctor–»P¹allo²!ws›»Oone“to“pMÞerform“on-the-
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™š¹list–Çproš²!vided“b˜y“the“user.‘.ÿCross-iden˜tication“can“bšMÞe“done“b˜oth“in‘Æpixel“or“w²!orld“co˜ordinates.Ž¡Conguration–¦fparameters“related“to“cross-iden²!tication“are“prexed“with“âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™¹.ŽŸ¡Rïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.13.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¶ã13.1Ž‘,ÿüThe–ffë\ASSOC“ãlistŽ©"R¹The–зâASSOC‘Ðj¹proMÞcess“is›жinitiated“b²!y“requesting˜in“the“parameter“le˜at“least“one“of˜the“âASSOCŽ¡¹catalogue›kparameters:‘Ê_âVECTOR‘°—‰ffsŽ–#™ASSOC‘a¹or‘jâNUMBER‘°—‰ffsŽ“ASSOC¹.˜Then˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctor–j¹loMÞoks˜for“an˜âASCIIŽ¡¹le–”(the“so-calledâASSOC‘y¹list),‘(Ÿwhicš²!h“m˜ust“b•MÞe‘“sp“ecied–”using“the“âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™NAME‘y¹conguration“k˜ey-Ž¡wš²!ord.‘¹3The–8gâASSOC‘8K¹list“should‘8hcon˜tain“columns“of“n˜um˜bMÞers“separated“b˜y‘8hspaces“or“tabs.‘¹3Eac˜h“lineŽ¡describMÞes–qëa“source“that“will“enš²!ter“the“cross-iden˜tication‘qêproMÞcess.‘@lLines“with“zero“c˜haracters,Ž¡or–ÀbMÞeginning“with“\â#¹"“(for“commenš²!ts)“are“ignored.‘Ö¦Y‘ÿeou“ma˜y“therefore“use“an˜y“âASCII‘»¹catalogueŽ¡generated–¦fb²!y“a“previous“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹run“as“an“âASSOC“¹list.ŽŸJaIn–Uorder›Tto“pMÞerform“the˜cross-iden²!tication,‘2XÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹needs“to˜knoš²!w“whic˜h“are‘Tthe“columnsŽ¡that–)[con²!tain›)\the“coMÞordinates“in˜the“âASSOC‘)<¹list.‘´/These“can˜bMÞe“designated“using˜the“âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™PARAMSŽ¡¹conguration–Ž8parameter.‘•SThe“syn²!tax“is:‘­\âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™PARAMS“ÝcŸ¤zÐxŽ‘Hç¹,ÝcŸ¤zÐyŽ‘ý
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ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.13.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸóûã13.2Ž‘,ÿüConŒÌtrolling–ffthe“ë\ASSOC“ãpros3cessަ¹Three–Íìconguration“parameters“con²!trol“the“âASSOC‘Í ¹proMÞcess.‘TnThe“rst“one,‘ÍâASSOCCOORD‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE¹,Ž¡should–FµbšMÞe“set“to‘F¶âPIXEL‘FŒ¹or“âWORLD¹,“dep˜ending“on“what“t²!yp˜e“of“co˜ordinates‘F¶is“in“the“âASSOC‘FŒ¹list.Ž¡If–åþâASSOCCOORD‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘åî¹is“set‘åýto“âPIXEL¹,“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹expšMÞects“the“Ýx“¹and“Ýy‘J‘¹co˜ordinates“to“complyŽ¡with–¤÷the“FITS‘¤¶con•²!v“en“tion:‘Úÿb“y–¤÷denition,‘ä›the“cenš²!ter“of“the“rst‘¤øpixel“in“the“image“arra˜y“hasŽ¡pixel-coMÞordinates–R(1.0,1.0).‘â„If“âASSOCCOORD‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘Rr¹is“set›Ržto“âWORLD¹,˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹uses˜the“W²!CSŽ¡information–ïïfound›ïîin“the˜FITS‘ïÁimage˜header“to˜con•²!v“ert–ïïto“pixel˜coMÞordinates“the˜coMÞordinates“readŽ¡in–¦fthe“âASSOC“¹list“prior“to“making“the“cross-iden²!tication.ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤48Ž’Ç>|ï      color popŽŽŒ‹1!çïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.49) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"EâASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™RADIUS¹,–É     accepts›É
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™šshould›Åha•²!v“e˜bMÞet“w“een˜the‘Äbarycen“ter‘Šof˜the˜curren“t˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctor‘Ĺdetection˜and˜an˜âASSOC¹-listŽ¡memš²!bMÞer–éRto“consider“a“matc˜h.‘¦¡This‘éSn˜um˜bMÞer“m˜ust“of“course“accoun˜t“for“pMÞositional“uncertain˜tiesŽ¡in–¦fbMÞoth“catalogues.‘ÝÝIn“most“cases,“a“v‘ÿdDalue“of“a“few“pixels“will“do“just“ne.ŽŸJaThe–õÃlast›õÄconguration“parameter,‘ šâASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE¹,˜accepts“a“k•²!eyw“ord˜as›õÃargumen“t˜and‘õÄselects˜theŽ¡kind–¦fof“idenš²!tication“proMÞcedure“one“w˜an˜ts“to“opMÞerate:ŽŸJaïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï color popŽŽ‘`âFIRST¹:–'¡this›' is“the˜simplest“w•²!a“y˜of–'¡pMÞerforming˜a“cross-iden²!tication.‘³›It˜doMÞes“not˜require“theŽ¡‘`ÝcŸ±ìÐZŽ‘
–^¹is“required˜if“âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘ùis“âMIN¹,˜âMAX¹,“âMEAN‘ùor˜âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MEANŽ¡¹(see–¦fÞxïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black¹14.2ï   color popŽ‘wyŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘wyïsps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.14.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end“bMÞelo²!w).ŽŸ=
ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.14.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸóûã14.2Ž‘,ÿüConŒÌtrolling–ffthe“ë\ASSOC“ãpros3cessަ¹Three–Íìconguration“parameters“con²!trol“the“âASSOC‘Í ¹proMÞcess.‘TnThe“rst“one,‘ÍâASSOCCOORD‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE¹,Ž¡should–FµbšMÞe“set“to‘F¶âPIXEL‘FŒ¹or“âWORLD¹,“dep˜ending“on“what“t²!yp˜e“of“co˜ordinates‘F¶is“in“the“âASSOC‘FŒ¹list.Ž¡If–åþâASSOCCOORD‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘åî¹is“set‘åýto“âPIXEL¹,“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹expšMÞects“the“Ýx“¹and“Ýy‘J‘¹co˜ordinates“to“complyŽ¡with–¤÷the“FITS‘¤¶con•²!v“en“tion:‘Úÿb“y–¤÷denition,‘ä›the“cenš²!ter“of“the“rst‘¤øpixel“in“the“image“arra˜y“hasŽ¡pixel-coMÞordinates–R(1.0,1.0).‘â„If“âASSOCCOORD‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘Rr¹is“set›Ržto“âWORLD¹,˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹uses˜the“W²!CSŽ¡information–ïïfound›ïîin“the˜FITS‘ïÁimage˜header“to˜con•²!v“ert–ïïto“pixel˜coMÞordinates“the˜coMÞordinates“readŽ¡in–¦fthe“âASSOC“¹list“prior“to“making“the“cross-iden²!tication.ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤50Ž’Ç>|ï      color popŽŽŒ‹32Xïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.51) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"EâASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™RADIUS¹,–É     accepts›É
‹¹column–·ßin‘·ÞâASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™PARAMS¹.“The“rst“geometrical“matcš²!h“encoun˜tered‘·Þwhile“scanning“theŽ¡‘`âASSOC‘íÀ¹list–íÓis“retained›íÒas“the“actual˜matc²!h.‘´#This“can“used˜for“catalogues“with˜lo²!w“spatialŽ¡‘`densit²!y‘ÿe.Ž©™šïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï color popŽŽ‘`âNEAREST¹:–\this›\option“doMÞes˜not“require˜the“ÝcŸ±ìÐZŽ‘/I¹column“in˜âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™PARAMS¹.“The˜matc²!h“isŽ¡‘`pšMÞerformed–with“the‘âASSOC¹-list“mem²!b˜er“the“closest‘(in“p˜osition)“to“the‘curren²!t“detection,Ž¡‘`pro²!vided–¦fthat“it“lies“within“the“âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™RADIUS¹.ަïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï      color popŽŽ‘`âSUM¹:–åÏall›åÎparameters“issued˜from“âASSOC¹-list˜memš²!bMÞers“whic˜h‘åÎgeometrically“matc˜h‘åÎthe“curren˜tŽ¡‘`detection–¦fare“summed.‘ÝÝÝcŸ±ìÐZŽ‘
a“decimal˜n•²!um“bMÞer‘É      whic“h˜represen“ts‘É   the˜maxim“um–É distance˜(in“pixels)˜oneޤ
™šshould›Åha•²!v“e˜bMÞet“w“een˜the‘Äbarycen“ter‘Šof˜the˜curren“t˜ÜSExtraÁ´ctor‘Ĺdetection˜and˜an˜âASSOC¹-listŽ¡memš²!bMÞer–éRto“consider“a“matc˜h.‘¦¡This‘éSn˜um˜bMÞer“m˜ust“of“course“accoun˜t“for“pMÞositional“uncertain˜tiesŽ¡in–¦fbMÞoth“catalogues.‘ÝÝIn“most“cases,“a“v‘ÿdDalue“of“a“few“pixels“will“do“just“ne.ŽŸJaThe–õÃlast›õÄconguration“parameter,‘ šâASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE¹,˜accepts“a“k•²!eyw“ord˜as›õÃargumen“t˜and‘õÄselects˜theŽ¡kind–¦fof“idenš²!tication“proMÞcedure“one“w˜an˜ts“to“opMÞerate:ŽŸJaïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï color popŽŽ‘`âFIRST¹:–'¡this›' is“the˜simplest“w•²!a“y˜of–'¡pMÞerforming˜a“cross-iden²!tication.‘³›It˜doMÞes“not˜require“theŽ¡‘`ÝcŸ±ìÐZŽ‘
yž¹is“not“required.ަïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï        color popŽŽ‘`âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™SUM¹:–X+all“parameters“ÝcŸ¤zÐiŽ‘½¹issued“from“âASSOC¹-list“memš²!bMÞers“whic˜h“geometrically“matc˜h“theŽ¡‘`currenš²!t–(detection“are“com˜bined“using‘'the“follo˜wing“la˜w:‘>Þ¹2Ý:¹5‘Ó1logŽ‘÷þ(Ÿ÷É–ßPŽ‘ŽñŸ<ÒÐiŽ‘Æü¹10Ÿü¾ÒÎ0Ð:Î4ÐcŸ8:ÑiŽŽ‘Óß¹).‘¨This“optionŽ¡‘`alloš²!ws–¦fone“to“sum“
ux“con˜tributions“from“magnitude“data.‘ÝÝÝcŸ±ìÐZŽ‘
‹¹column–·ßin‘·ÞâASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™PARAMS¹.“The“rst“geometrical“matcš²!h“encoun˜tered‘·Þwhile“scanning“theŽ¡‘`âASSOC‘íÀ¹list–íÓis“retained›íÒas“the“actual˜matc²!h.‘´#This“can“used˜for“catalogues“with˜lo²!w“spatialŽ¡‘`densit²!y‘ÿe.Ž©™šïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï color popŽŽ‘`âNEAREST¹:–\this›\option“doMÞes˜not“require˜the“ÝcŸ±ìÐZŽ‘/I¹column“in˜âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™PARAMS¹.“The˜matc²!h“isŽ¡‘`pšMÞerformed–with“the‘âASSOC¹-list“mem²!b˜er“the“closest‘(in“p˜osition)“to“the‘curren²!t“detection,Ž¡‘`pro²!vided–¦fthat“it“lies“within“the“âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™RADIUS¹.ަïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï      color popŽŽ‘`âSUM¹:–åÏall›åÎparameters“issued˜from“âASSOC¹-list˜memš²!bMÞers“whic˜h‘åÎgeometrically“matc˜h‘åÎthe“curren˜tŽ¡‘`detection–¦fare“summed.‘ÝÝÝcŸ±ìÐZŽ‘
yž¹is“not“required.ަïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï        color popŽŽ‘`âMIN¹:–"`among›"aall“geometrical“matc²!hes,‘<Èretains“the˜âASSOC¹-list“memš²!bMÞer“whic˜h“has‘"athe“smallestŽ¡‘`ÝZ‘nç¹parameter.ަïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï	color popŽŽ‘`âMAX¹:–³´among“all‘³µgeometrical“matcš²!hes,‘·retains“the“âASSOC¹-list“mem˜bMÞer“whic˜h‘³µhas“the“largestŽ¡‘`ÝZ‘nç¹parameter.ަïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï	color popŽŽ‘`âMEAN¹:–É¿all“parameters“issued“from“âASSOC¹-list‘ɾmemš²!bMÞers“whic˜h“geometrically“matc˜h“the“cur-Ž¡‘`renš²!t–¦fdetection“are“w˜eigh˜ted-a˜v˜eraged,“using“the“ÝZ‘nç¹parameter“as“the“w˜eigh˜t.ަïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï	color popŽŽ‘`âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MEAN¹:–êÐall›êÑparameters“issued“from˜âASSOC¹-list“memš²!bMÞers“whic˜h“geometrically‘êÑmatc˜h“theŽ¡‘`currenš²!t–edetection‘dare“w˜eigh˜ted-a˜v˜eraged,‘-˜using“10Ÿü¾ÒÎ0Ð:Î4ÐZŽ‘[¹as“the“w˜eigh˜t.‘«‡This“option‘dis“usefulŽ¡‘`for›¦fw•²!eigh“ting˜catalogue˜sources˜with˜magnitudes.ŽŸ¡Rïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.13.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¶ã13.3Ž‘,ÿüOutput–fffrom“ë\ASSOCŽŸ"R¹No•²!w›×Jthat‘×Kw“e˜ha“v“e˜describMÞed‘×Kthe˜cross-iden“tication˜proMÞcess,‘ã„let's˜see˜ho“w‘×Kinformations˜comingŽ¡from–¦fthe“matc²!hing“with“the“âASSOC“¹list“are“propagated“to“the“output“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹catalogue.Ž©JaThe–(1output“of“âASSOC‘'ιdata“in‘(0ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹catalogue“is“done“through“the“âVECTOR‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ASSOC()Ž¡¹catalogue–­Jparameter.‘ò‹âVECTOR‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ASSOC()“¹is›­Ka“v•²!ector,‘ïeac“h‘­Jelemen“t˜of‘­Jwhic“h˜refers–­Jto˜a“columnŽ¡from–pÎthe“input–pÍâASSOC‘pš¹list.‘=âVECTOR‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ASSOC()“¹conš²!tains–pÎeither“âASSOC¹-list“mem˜bMÞer‘pÍdata“from“theŽ¡bMÞest–f%matc²!h›f&(if“âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘e²¹is˜âFIRST¹,“âNEAREST¹,˜âMIN‘e²¹or“âMAX¹),˜or“a“com²!bination˜of“âASSOC¹-listŽ¡mem²!bMÞer–êÌdata›êÍ(if“âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘껹is“âMEAN¹,˜âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MEAN¹,“âSUM‘껹or˜âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™SUM¹).“If“no˜matc²!h“has˜bMÞeen“found,Ž¡it–N-just“conš²!tains“zeros.‘	Õ3The“âNUMBER‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ASSOC‘MÀ¹con˜tains“the“n˜um˜bMÞer‘N.of“âASSOC¹-list“mem˜bMÞers“thatŽ¡geometrically–áªmatcš²!h‘á«the“curren˜t‘á«ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹detection,‘ð|and“ob˜viously‘ÿe,‘ð|if“dieren˜t‘á«from“zero,Ž¡indicates–¦fthat“âVECTOR‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ASSOC()“¹has“a“meaningful“con•²!ten“t.ަThe–&ŒâASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™DATA‘&l¹conguration“parameter“is“used›&to“tell“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹to˜whic²!h“column“refersŽ¡eac•²!h›1telemen“t˜of˜âVECTOR‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ASSOC()¹.‘¶áThe˜syn“tax˜of˜âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ–#™DATA‘1V¹is˜similar˜to˜that˜of˜âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ“PARAMS¹:ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤49Ž’Ç>|ï       color popŽŽŒ‹23cïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.50) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E¹\âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™DATA‘ËÝcŸ¤zÎ1Ž–À¹,ÝcŸ¤zÎ2Ž“¹,ÝcŸ¤zÎ3Ž“¹,..."‘>hwhere›êthe–éÝcŸ¤zÐiŽ‘€Ä¹are“the˜column˜pMÞositions“in˜the“âASSOC‘̹list.‘>gThe˜spMÞecialޤ
™šcase–‡õ\âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™DATA‘‡¼¹0"“tells“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹to›‡öpropagate“all“columns˜from“the“âASSOC‘‡»¹le˜to“theŽ¡output‘¦fcatalogue.ŽŸJaThere–are“situations“where‘ÿit“mighš²!t“bMÞe“desirable“to“k˜eep“in‘ÿthe“output“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹cata-Ž¡logue–aÂonly›aÃthose“detections˜that“w•²!ere˜matc“hed–aÂwith˜some“âASSOC¹-list˜mem•²!bMÞer.‘òSuc“h˜a‘aÂfeatureŽ¡is›öjcon•²!trolled‘öib“y˜the‘öiâASSOCSELEC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘öU¹conguration˜parameter,‘
yž¹is“not“required.ަïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï        color popŽŽ‘`âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™SUM¹:–X+all“parameters“ÝcŸ¤zÐiŽ‘½¹issued“from“âASSOC¹-list“memš²!bMÞers“whic˜h“geometrically“matc˜h“theŽ¡‘`currenš²!t–(detection“are“com˜bined“using‘'the“follo˜wing“la˜w:‘>Þ¹2Ý:¹5‘Ó1logŽ‘÷þ(Ÿ÷É–ßPŽ‘ŽñŸ<ÒÐiŽ‘Æü¹10Ÿü¾ÒÎ0Ð:Î4ÐcŸ8:ÑiŽŽ‘Óß¹).‘¨This“optionŽ¡‘`alloš²!ws–¦fone“to“sum“
ux“con˜tributions“from“magnitude“data.‘ÝÝÝcŸ±ìÐZŽ‘
jwhic“h˜accepts–öione˜of“the˜threeŽ¡follo•²!wing‘¦fk“eyw“ords:ŽŸJaïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï       color popŽŽ‘`âALL¹:–¦fkš²!eep“all“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹detections,“regardless“of“matc˜hing.‘ÝÝThis“is“the“default.Ž©™šïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï       color popŽŽ‘`âMATCHED¹:–›k²!eep››only“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹detections˜that“wš²!ere“matc˜hed››with“at“least˜one“âASSOC¹-Ž¡‘`list‘¦fmem²!bMÞer.ަïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï    color popŽŽ‘`â-MATCHED¹:–w^kš²!eep“only“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹detections“that‘w]w˜ere“not“matc˜hed“with“an˜y“âASSOC¹-listŽ¡‘`mem²!bMÞer.ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤50Ž’Ç>|ï    color popŽŽŒ‹3I(ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.51) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýU"Eïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (chapter.14) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ[°ÇäChapter‘Ç
yž¹is“not“required.ަïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï        color popŽŽ‘`âMIN¹:–"`among›"aall“geometrical“matc²!hes,‘<Èretains“the˜âASSOC¹-list“memš²!bMÞer“whic˜h“has‘"athe“smallestŽ¡‘`ÝZ‘nç¹parameter.ަïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï	color popŽŽ‘`âMAX¹:–³´among“all‘³µgeometrical“matcš²!hes,‘·retains“the“âASSOC¹-list“mem˜bMÞer“whic˜h‘³µhas“the“largestŽ¡‘`ÝZ‘nç¹parameter.ަïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï	color popŽŽ‘`âMEAN¹:–É¿all“parameters“issued“from“âASSOC¹-list‘ɾmemš²!bMÞers“whic˜h“geometrically“matc˜h“the“cur-Ž¡‘`renš²!t–¦fdetection“are“w˜eigh˜ted-a˜v˜eraged,“using“the“ÝZ‘nç¹parameter“as“the“w˜eigh˜t.ަïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï	color popŽŽ‘`âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MEAN¹:–êÐall›êÑparameters“issued“from˜âASSOC¹-list“memš²!bMÞers“whic˜h“geometrically‘êÑmatc˜h“theŽ¡‘`currenš²!t–edetection‘dare“w˜eigh˜ted-a˜v˜eraged,‘-˜using“10Ÿü¾ÒÎ0Ð:Î4ÐZŽ‘[¹as“the“w˜eigh˜t.‘«‡This“option‘dis“usefulŽ¡‘`for›¦fw•²!eigh“ting˜catalogue˜sources˜with˜magnitudes.ŽŸ¡Rïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïPps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section.14.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ¶ã14.3Ž‘,ÿüOutput–fffrom“ë\ASSOCŽŸ"R¹No•²!w›×Jthat‘×Kw“e˜ha“v“e˜describMÞed‘×Kthe˜cross-iden“tication˜proMÞcess,‘ã„let's˜see˜ho“w‘×Kinformations˜comingŽ¡from–¦fthe“matc²!hing“with“the“âASSOC“¹list“are“propagated“to“the“output“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹catalogue.Ž©JaThe–(1output“of“âASSOC‘'ιdata“in‘(0ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹catalogue“is“done“through“the“âVECTOR‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ASSOC()Ž¡¹catalogue–­Jparameter.‘ò‹âVECTOR‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ASSOC()“¹is›­Ka“v•²!ector,‘ïeac“h‘­Jelemen“t˜of‘­Jwhic“h˜refers–­Jto˜a“columnŽ¡from–pÎthe“input–pÍâASSOC‘pš¹list.‘=âVECTOR‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ASSOC()“¹conš²!tains–pÎeither“âASSOC¹-list“mem˜bMÞer‘pÍdata“from“theŽ¡bMÞest–f%matc²!h›f&(if“âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘e²¹is˜âFIRST¹,“âNEAREST¹,˜âMIN‘e²¹or“âMAX¹),˜or“a“com²!bination˜of“âASSOC¹-listŽ¡mem²!bMÞer–êÌdata›êÍ(if“âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘껹is“âMEAN¹,˜âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™MEAN¹,“âSUM‘껹or˜âMAG‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™SUM¹).“If“no˜matc²!h“has˜bMÞeen“found,Ž¡it–N-just“conš²!tains“zeros.‘	Õ3The“âNUMBER‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ASSOC‘MÀ¹con˜tains“the“n˜um˜bMÞer‘N.of“âASSOC¹-list“mem˜bMÞers“thatŽ¡geometrically–áªmatcš²!h‘á«the“curren˜t‘á«ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹detection,‘ð|and“ob˜viously‘ÿe,‘ð|if“dieren˜t‘á«from“zero,Ž¡indicates–¦fthat“âVECTOR‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ASSOC()“¹has“a“meaningful“con•²!ten“t.ަThe–&ŒâASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™DATA‘&l¹conguration“parameter“is“used›&to“tell“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹to˜whic²!h“column“refersŽ¡eac•²!h›1telemen“t˜of˜âVECTOR‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™ASSOC()¹.‘¶áThe˜syn“tax˜of˜âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ–#™DATA‘1V¹is˜similar˜to˜that˜of˜âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ“PARAMS¹:ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤51Ž’Ç>|ï       color popŽŽŒ‹4CÔïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.52) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E¹\âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™DATA‘ËÝcŸ¤zÎ1Ž–À¹,ÝcŸ¤zÎ2Ž“¹,ÝcŸ¤zÎ3Ž“¹,..."‘>hwhere›êthe–éÝcŸ¤zÐiŽ‘€Ä¹are“the˜column˜pMÞositions“in˜the“âASSOC‘̹list.‘>gThe˜spMÞecialޤ
™šcase–‡õ\âASSOC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™DATA‘‡¼¹0"“tells“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹to›‡öpropagate“all“columns˜from“the“âASSOC‘‡»¹le˜to“theŽ¡output‘¦fcatalogue.ŽŸJaThere–are“situations“where‘ÿit“mighš²!t“bMÞe“desirable“to“k˜eep“in‘ÿthe“output“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹cata-Ž¡logue–aÂonly›aÃthose“detections˜that“w•²!ere˜matc“hed–aÂwith˜some“âASSOC¹-list˜mem•²!bMÞer.‘òSuc“h˜a‘aÂfeatureŽ¡is›öjcon•²!trolled‘öib“y˜the‘öiâASSOCSELEC‘°—‰ffsŽ‘#™TYPE‘öU¹conguration˜parameter,‘
14ŽŸ7°ÇÚF‘üã×A–ÿ8õQs›  T{(F‘ýªárequen“tly˜Ask“ed˜Questions)ŽŸ<ƒÃÛQ.:‘焹I‘«8heard–«:that›«9ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹doMÞes“not˜do“as˜go•MÞo“d–«:a˜job“at˜extracting“and˜measuring“sourcesޤ
™šin–¦fimage“æYYY“¹as“doMÞes“pac²!k‘ÿdDage“æXXX¹.Ž©JaÛA.¹:‘B"The–nïpurpšMÞose“of“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹is“to“nd“a“compromise“b˜et•²!w“een›nïrenemen“t˜in˜detection/measuremen“tŽ¡accuracy–÷‚and›÷ƒcomputational“spMÞeed.‘£‘Although˜eorts“are˜con•²!tin“uously–÷‚bMÞeing“made˜in“implemen²!t-Ž¡ing–more“sophisticated“algorithms“as“computer“spMÞeed“increases,‘#ÆÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹remains“a“generalŽ¡purpMÞose‘¦fprogram.ަÛQ.¹:‘ÝÝCan–¦fÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹wš²!ork“on“X-ra˜y“data?ަÛA.¹:‘ŲX-ra²!y–vdata›vtends“to˜bMÞe“loš²!w“coun˜t›vand“source“photon˜noise“limited.‘ÍÀIn“con²!trast˜with“opticalŽ¡images,‘žDthe›9~lo•²!w‘9coun“ts˜in‘9X-ra“y˜images˜mak“e‘9the˜P“oisson‘9bac“kground˜noise‘9highly˜sk“ew“ed.Ž¡Since–Xman²!y›Xfeatures“in˜the“currenš²!t“v˜ersion›Xof“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹assume˜that“noise˜distribution“isŽ¡symmetrical–|~around›|its“mean“or“rely˜on“ÝŸü¾Î2Ž‘<‚¹minimisation,‘„àusing“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹to˜analyze“X-ra²!yŽ¡data–¦fis“not“recommended“at“this“time.ަÛQ¹:‘•CÛWh¦ty–E>isn't“the“detection›E=threshold“expressed“in“units“of˜the“bac¦tkground“noiseŽ¡standard–2deviation“in“the“âFILTERó]F
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jwhic“h˜accepts–öione˜of“the˜threeŽ¡follo•²!wing‘¦fk“eyw“ords:ŽŸJaïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï       color popŽŽ‘`âALL¹:–¦fkš²!eep“all“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹detections,“regardless“of“matc˜hing.‘ÝÝThis“is“the“default.Ž©™šïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï       color popŽŽ‘`âMATCHED¹:–›k²!eep››only“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹detections˜that“wš²!ere“matc˜hed››with“at“least˜one“âASSOC¹-Ž¡‘`list‘¦fmem²!bMÞer.ަïcolor push  Black‘lÐÞŽ‘æjï    color popŽŽ‘`â-MATCHED¹:–w^kš²!eep“only“ÜSExtraÁ´ctor“¹detections“that‘w]w˜ere“not“matc˜hed“with“an˜y“âASSOC¹-listŽ¡‘`mem²!bMÞer.ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤52Ž’Ç>|ï    color popŽŽŒ‹5Y™ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.53) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýµÓÚAc–ÿ8õkno“wledgemen“tsŽŸ,Öwïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (chapter*.15) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤¹53Ž’Ç>|ï      color popŽŽŒ‹6`Éïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.54) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýµÓÚBibliograph‘ÿ8õyŽŸ,Öwïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (chapter*.16) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸÃ#‘äŸüïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S end‘æjïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïVps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (cite.beard:al:1991) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï     color popŽŽ¹Beard›bS.–bM.,‘o½MacGillivra²!y“H.˜T.,‘o¼Thanisc²!h˜P‘ÿe.“F.,‘o½ó]m#½R
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cmbxti10ë]e‘ÿZìd“Ûimage“?ަA¹:–Ï8There›Ï9are“t•²!w“o˜reasons–Ï8for˜this.‘XTFirst,‘Ùmit“mak²!es˜the“threshold˜indepMÞenden²!t“of˜the“c²!hoice˜of“aŽ¡âFILTER¹,–"­whic²!h›"®is“a˜go•MÞo“d–"­thing.‘R´Second,‘A¿ha²!ving˜Ý‘‡@¹measured˜on“the˜âFILTER¹ed“image˜maš²!y“ha˜v˜eŽ¡givš²!en–Ø*un-informed“users“the“wrong‘Ø+impression“that“increasing“ltering“systematically“impro˜v˜esŽ¡the–¦fdetectabilitš²!y“of“an˜y“source,“whereas“it“depMÞends“on“scale.ަÛQ¹:‘¦fÛCan–2SExtractor“compute“asymmetry“and“concen¦ttration“parameters?ŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤¹51Ž’Ç>|ï color popŽŽŒ‹4PXïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.52) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýµÓÚAc–ÿ8õkno“wledgemen“tsŽŸ,Öwïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (chapter*.15) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤¹52Ž’Ç>|ï      color popŽŽŒ‹5Zœïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.53) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ýµÓÚBibliograph‘ÿ8õyŽŸ,Öwïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïOps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (chapter*.16) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸÃ#‘äŸüïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S end‘æjïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïVps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (cite.beard:al:1991) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï     color popŽŽ¹Beard›bS.–bM.,‘o½MacGillivra²!y“H.˜T.,‘o¼Thanisc²!h˜P‘ÿe.“F.,‘o½ó^m#½R
cmss10ë]The“Cosmos˜System˜foš²!r“Cro˜wded-Field‘bAnalysisŽ©
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ó5of–¦fDigitized“Photographic“Plate“Scans¹,“1990,“MNRAS,“247,“311ޤ™š‘äŸüïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S end‘æjïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endï\ps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (cite.bijaoui:dantel:1970) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï       color popŽŽBijaoui–¦fA.,“Dan²!tel“M.,“ë]Shut's“MethoMÞd¹,“1970,“A&A,“6,“51Ž¡‘äŸüïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S end‘æjïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endï[ps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (cite.ciotti:bertin:1999) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï        color popŽŽCiotti–¦fL.,“Bertin“G.,“ë]Analytical“pš²!ropMÞerties“of“the“RŸü¾Î1Ð=mŽ‘+2ë]la˜w¹,“1999,“A&A,“352,“447Ž¡‘äŸüïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S end‘æjïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endï`ps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (cite.greisen:calabretta:2002) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï   color popŽŽGreisen–\E.‘]W.,‘’^Calabretta“M.“R.,‘’_ë]Repš²!resentations“of“w˜o˜rld‘]coMÞo˜rdinates“in“FITS¹,“2002,‘’_A&A,“395,ަ‘
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ó51061Ž¡‘äŸüïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S end‘æjïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïTps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (cite.pogson:1856) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï      color popŽŽPš²!ogson–,ÀN.,‘Eë]Magnitudes“of‘,¿Thirt˜y-six“of“the‘,¿Mino˜r“Planets“fo˜r‘,¿the“rst“da˜y“of›,¿each“month“of˜the“y•²!ea“rަ‘
ó5of–¦fDigitized“Photographic“Plate“Scans¹,“1990,“MNRAS,“247,“311ޤ™š‘äŸüïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S end‘æjïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endï\ps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (cite.bijaoui:dantel:1970) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï       color popŽŽBijaoui–¦fA.,“Dan²!tel“M.,“ë^Shut's“MethoMÞd¹,“1970,“A&A,“6,“51Ž¡‘äŸüïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S end‘æjïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endï[ps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (cite.ciotti:bertin:1999) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï        color popŽŽCiotti–¦fL.,“Bertin“G.,“ë^Analytical“pš²!ropMÞerties“of“the“RŸü¾Î1Ð=mŽ‘+2ë^la˜w¹,“1999,“A&A,“352,“447Ž¡‘äŸüïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S end‘æjïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endï`ps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (cite.greisen:calabretta:2002) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï   color popŽŽGreisen–\E.‘]W.,‘’^Calabretta“M.“R.,‘’_ë^Repš²!resentations“of“w˜o˜rld‘]coMÞo˜rdinates“in“FITS¹,“2002,‘’_A&A,“395,ަ‘
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ó51061Ž¡‘äŸüïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S end‘æjïps:SDict begin 13.6 H.A endïTps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (cite.pogson:1856) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï      color popŽŽPš²!ogson–,ÀN.,‘Eë^Magnitudes“of‘,¿Thirt˜y-six“of“the‘,¿Mino˜r“Planets“fo˜r‘,¿the“rst“da˜y“of›,¿each“month“of˜the“y•²!ea“rަ‘
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ó3
AŽŸ7°ÇÚApplying–       T{SExtractor“in“doubleŽŸimage‘      T{mo‘Ç
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ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.41) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡bac²!kground–¦fmap,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black7ï       color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.7) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black8ï color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.8) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black16ï      color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï      color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black46ï  color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.46) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡bac²!kground–¦fRMS,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black10ï      color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ–
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.10) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡bad–¦fpixel,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï      color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black32ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡bad–¦fpixels,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black21ï     color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black31ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.31) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡bad–¦fpixels,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï     color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black32ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡barycen²!ter,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black21ï  color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black31ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.31) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡barycen²!ter,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï  color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black34ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.34) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black37ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.37) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black49ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.49) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡bMÞoundaries,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black16ï  color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.16) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black38ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.38) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡bMÞoundary‘ÿe,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black31ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡bulge,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black46ï  color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.31) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡bulge,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black45ï  color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.46) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަCCD,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black8ï     color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.8) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï      color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.45) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަCCD,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black8ï     color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.8) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï      color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black25ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡celestial–¦fcoMÞordinates,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black12ï       color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black24ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.24) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡celestial–¦fcoMÞordinates,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black12ï       color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.12) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡cen²!troid,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black25ï    color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.12) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡cen²!troid,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black24ï    color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black40ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.40) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black41ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.41) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡c•²!hec“k-image,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black8ï color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.8) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï        color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.24) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black25ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black39ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.39) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black40ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.40) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡c•²!hec“k-image,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black8ï color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.8) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï        color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black21ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black23ï      color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.23) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡c•²!hec“k-images,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï       color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡colour,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black17ï color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡colour,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black16ï color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡concen²!tration,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black55ï       color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.16) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡concen²!tration,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black51ï       color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.55) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡conguration–¦fle,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black3ï        color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black5ï color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.5) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black6ï       color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.6) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï      color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.51) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black55ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.55) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡conguration–¦fle,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black3ï        color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black5ï color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.5) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black6ï       color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.6) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï      color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black13ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.13) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black33ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.33) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black45ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.45) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡con•²!v“olution,›¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï        color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ–
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black13ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.13) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black32ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡con•²!v“olution,›¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black18ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black22ï      color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.22) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,˜ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï     color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡corrected-isophotal,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black43ï    color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ–
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ–
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black21ï      color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,˜ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡corrected-isophotal,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black42ï    color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.43) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black45ï      color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.45) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡COSMOS,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black24ï color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ–
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.42) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï      color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡COSMOS,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black23ï color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.24) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black36ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.36) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡co²!v‘ÿdDariance,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï      color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.23) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black35ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.35) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡co²!v‘ÿdDariance,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï      color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black36ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.36) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black38ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.38) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black41ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.41) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡co²!v‘ÿdDariances,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black35ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.35) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black37ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.37) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black40ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.40) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡co²!v‘ÿdDariances,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï     color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡cross-iden²!tication,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black2ï  color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black50ï        color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡cross-iden²!tication,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black2ï  color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black48ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.50) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black51ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.51) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡cro²!wding,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black18ï    color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.48) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black49ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.49) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡cro²!wding,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black17ï    color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަD•²!A“OPHOT,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black18ï    color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black43ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.43) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަD•²!A“OPHOT,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black17ï    color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡deblending,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black2ï      color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black8ï color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.8) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï      color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡deblending,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black2ï      color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black8ï color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.8) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï      color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black24ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.24) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black25ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black32ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡deep–¦fexpMÞosures,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black45ï      color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black23ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.23) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black24ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.24) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black31ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.31) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡deep–¦fexpMÞosures,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï      color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.45) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡double-image–¦fmoMÞde,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black21ï   color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡double-image–¦fmoMÞde,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï   color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡do²!wnload,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black3ï     color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަep•MÞo“c²!h,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black42ï      color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
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ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡do²!wnload,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black3ï     color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަep•MÞo“c²!h,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black41ï      color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.42) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡equino²!x,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black42ï     color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.41) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡equino²!x,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black41ï     color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.42) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡error–¦fellipse,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black38ï  color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.41) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡error–¦fellipse,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black37ï  color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.38) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black41ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.41) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽŽŽ’ãŸ>ïcolor push  Blackï  color pop ýËi`‘external–¦f
ags,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black33ï  color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.37) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black40ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.40) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽŽŽ’ãŸ>ïcolor push  Blackï  color pop ýËi`‘external–¦f
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ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.33) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endޤ
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endޤ
™š‘EyE,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï     color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black22ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.22) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ©™š‘FITS–¦fbinary-tables,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black22ï      color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black21ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ©™š‘FITS–¦fbinary-tables,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black21ï      color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.22) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘FITS–¦fheader,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black12ï        color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘FITS–¦fheader,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black12ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.12) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black42ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.42) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘
ags,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï        color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black32ï        color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.12) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black41ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.41) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘
ags,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï        color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black31ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black33ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.33) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black56ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.56) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘
at-eld,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï   color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.31) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black32ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black56ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.56) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘
at-eld,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï   color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘F²!OCAS,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black18ï   color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘F²!OCAS,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black17ï   color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘F‘ÿeourier-transforms,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï     color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘F‘ÿeourier-transforms,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï     color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘FWHM,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black10ï       color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘FWHM,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black10ï       color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.10) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black40ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.40) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަ‘gain,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï       color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.10) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black25ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black39ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.39) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަ‘gain,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï       color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black29ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.29) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black38ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.38) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black45ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.45) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘gain–¦fmap,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï   color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black18ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black37ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.37) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘gain–¦fmap,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï   color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘gain–¦fmaps,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï  color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘gain–¦fmaps,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï  color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘galaxy–¦fclusters,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï    color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘galaxy–¦fclusters,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï    color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘glitc²!h,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black21ï  color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘glitc²!h,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï  color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black38ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.38) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘glitc²!hes,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black39ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.39) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘globular–¦fcluster,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black46ï   color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black38ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.38) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘globular–¦fcluster,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black45ï   color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.46) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަ‘image,›~ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black2ï       color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ–yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,‘~‘ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black3ï      color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,˜ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black7ï       color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.7) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black13ï       color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ–
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.45) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަ‘image,–-Äïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black2ï       color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black3ï color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,‘-Ãïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black5ï    color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.5) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black7ï       color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.7) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black13ï       color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ–
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ–
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.41) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,›¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï  color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,˜ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black48ï     color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.48) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,˜ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black51ï     color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.51) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,˜ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black55ï     color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.55) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘ImCat,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï      color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘installation,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black4ï        color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.4) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘in²!terpMÞolation,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï    color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black17ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black21ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘isophotal–¦fmagnitudes,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black43ï       color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘isophotal–¦fmagnitudes,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black42ï       color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.42) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަ‘J2000,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black41ï      color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.41) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަ‘linear–¦fltering,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black18ï    color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘loMÞcal–¦fbac²!kground,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black17ï     color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black22ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.22) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black23ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.23) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black29ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.29) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black38ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.38) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black45ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.45) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘LSB,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï        color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black21ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black22ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.22) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black37ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.37) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘LSB,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï        color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަ‘mac²!hine-learning,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï        color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘magnitude–¦ferror,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black24ï    color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black43ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.43) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘magnitude–¦ferrors,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï   color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.24) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black25ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black42ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.42) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘magnitude–¦ferrors,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black25ï   color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ–
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘masking,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï     color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘mean,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black6ï   color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.6) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black16ï        color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ–
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
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ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black29ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.29) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘memory‘ÿe,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black3ï  color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black10ï        color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black18ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘memory‘ÿe,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black3ï  color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black10ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.10) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black17ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black25ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black32ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘moMÞde,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black2ï     color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black3ï color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black7ï       color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.7) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï       color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black13ï      color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.10) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black16ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.16) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black24ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.24) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black31ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.31) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘moMÞde,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black2ï     color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black3ï color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black7ï       color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.7) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï       color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black13ï      color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.13) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black18ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black29ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.29) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black40ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.40) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black45ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.45) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black56ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.56) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘momen²!ts,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black33ï color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.13) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black17ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black39ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.39) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black56ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.56) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘momen²!ts,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black32ï color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.33) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black35ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.35) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black37ï      color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.37) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black40ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.40) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black41ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.41) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘m²!ulti-thresholding,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black17ï      color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black34ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.34) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black36ï      color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.36) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black39ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.39) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black40ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.40) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black43ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.43) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡‘m²!ulti-thresholding,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black16ï      color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black24ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.24) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black25ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަ‘neigh²!bMÞour,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï     color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï        color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.16) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black23ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.23) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black24ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.24) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަ‘neigh²!bMÞour,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï     color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black25ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black32ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black38ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.38) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black45ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.45) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽŽŽŽŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤56Ž’Ç>|ï color popŽŽŒ‹9x/ïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.57) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E¹neigh²!bMÞours,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï  color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black32ï        color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black31ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.31) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black37ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.37) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black43ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.43) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽŽŽŽŽŽŸïcolor push  Black’Þ%¤56Ž’Ç>|ï color popŽŽŒ‹9|Âïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ´õì ý"Eïcolor push  Blackïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Blackï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.57) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ’Ç>|ï  color popŽŽ ÃÝ» ý`"E¹neigh²!bMÞours,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï  color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black31ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black38ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.38) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black45ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.45) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endޤ
™šneural›¦fnet•²!w“ork,˜ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black21ï  color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.31) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black37ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.37) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black43ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.43) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endޤ
™šneural›¦fnet•²!w“ork,˜ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï  color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡NICMOS,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black8ï  color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.8) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ©™šparameter–¦fle,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï  color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡NICMOS,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black8ï  color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.8) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ©™šparameter–¦fle,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï  color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black13ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.13) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black33ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.33) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡precession,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black42ï     color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black13ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.13) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black32ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡precession,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black41ï     color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.42) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡PSF,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï    color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.41) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡PSF,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï    color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black21ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black40ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.40) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަrequiremen²!ts,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black3ï color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡ringing,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï   color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black39ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.39) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަrequiremen²!ts,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black3ï color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡ringing,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black18ï   color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަSc•²!h“w“artz›¦finequalit“y‘ÿe,˜ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï  color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަSc•²!h“w“artz›¦finequalit“y‘ÿe,˜ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï  color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡segmen²!tation,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black17ï        color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡segmen²!tation,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black16ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡semi-ma‘›»jor,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black36ï color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.16) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black18ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡semi-ma‘›»jor,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black35ï color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.36) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black41ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.41) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡semi-minor–¦faxis,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black36ï        color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.35) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black40ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.40) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡semi-minor–¦faxis,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black35ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.36) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡signal-to-noise–¦fratio,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï  color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.35) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡signal-to-noise–¦fratio,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black18ï  color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡standard–¦fdeviation,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï      color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black22ï        color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡standard–¦fdeviation,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï      color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black21ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.22) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black23ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.23) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black45ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.45) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black55ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.55) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡stars,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black18ï  color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black22ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.22) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black51ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.51) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black55ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.55) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡stars,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black17ï  color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black24ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.24) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï      color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black43ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.43) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black45ï      color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.45) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡syn²!tax,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black5ï       color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.5) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black50ï        color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black23ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.23) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black25ï      color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black42ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.42) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black44ï      color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.44) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡syn²!tax,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black5ï       color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.5) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black48ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.50) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black51ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.51) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަthreshold,–Eïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black8ï       color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.8) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,‘Dïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black13ï   color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.48) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black49ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.49) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަthreshold,–Eïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black8ï       color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.8) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,‘Dïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black13ï   color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.13) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black17ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black22ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.22) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black25ï      color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,‘Dïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï  color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black29ï      color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.29) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black33ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.33) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black34ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.34) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,Ž¡‘(ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black39ï       color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ–
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.13) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black16ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.16) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black18ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.18) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black21ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black24ï      color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.24) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,‘Dïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï  color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï      color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black32ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black33ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.33) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,Ž¡‘(ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black38ï       color popŽ‘
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ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ–
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.38) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,›¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black42ï  color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.42) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,˜ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black51ï     color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.51) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,˜ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black55ï     color popŽ“Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ“ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.55) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަv‘ÿdDariance–¦fmap,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï        color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡vignetting,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black29ï     color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡vignetting,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï     color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.29) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡V²!OT‘ÿeable,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black2ï  color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަw•²!a“v“elet,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black17ï      color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡V²!OT‘ÿeable,‘¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black2ï  color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endަw•²!a“v“elet,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black16ï      color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.17) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black20ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡W²!CS,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black15ï color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.16) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black19ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡W²!CS,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black15ï color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.15) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black34ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.34) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black42ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.42) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡w•²!eigh“t–¦fmap,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black2ï  color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï      color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.15) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black33ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.33) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black41ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.41) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡w•²!eigh“t–¦fmap,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black2ï  color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black9ï color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï      color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black29ï      color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.29) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡w•²!eigh“t–¦fmaps,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black2ï color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï        color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end{ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï      color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡w•²!eigh“t–¦fmaps,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black2ï color popŽ‘yšŸøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ‘yšïmps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black11ï        color popŽ‘
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black27ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black29ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.29) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡windo²!w,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black33ï      color popŽ‘
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ›
ó4ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black26ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end,“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black28ï     color popŽ˜Ÿøñïps:SDict begin H.R endŽ˜ïnps:SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark endŽ¡windo²!w,–¦fïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push  Black32ï      color popŽ‘
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